What is DST: purpose, timing of vaccination, indications and contraindications

The abbreviation DST stands for Diaskintest. This test is a specific method for diagnosing tuberculosis. Until recently, in order to identify the disease, patients were administered a drug containing waste products of Koch bacilli. This procedure is called the Mantoux test. Every year there were more and more complaints about the latter. This is due to the fact that a large number of patients have false results. Diaskintest is a modern analogue of the Mantoux test, characterized by a high degree of reliability.

What is DST?

To prevent the development of severe forms of tuberculosis and the timely development of pathology, the doctor needs to assess the body’s response to the vital activity of Koch’s bacilli, which are the causative agents of the dangerous disease. Based on the patient’s immune response, the specialist can conclude whether the person is infected or not.

It is important to understand that DST is a vaccination that has nothing to do with preventative ones. This is a modern drug, used in practice since 2015. It is an analogue of the drug “Tuberculin”, used for the Mantoux test. You need to know that DST is a method that has the highest degree of reliability. If a positive reaction is detected, the patient is indicated for hospitalization in a hospital, where he will undergo a course of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy.

Di-test characteristics specifics

Diaskintest (DST) is a modern method for detecting tuberculosis, the principle of action is similar to the Mantoux reaction known to everyone since childhood.

This is not even a vaccination, but a test sample, a request from the body for the presence of pathogenic bacteria, causative agents of an unpleasant disease.

DST does not protect the body from the disease, but only detects its presence.

A protein drug (antigen) is injected under a person's skin to test the body's immune response. A positive diagnostic result suggests that the organism has already encountered such bacteria as the causative agents of the disease. It turns out that the infection has already penetrated some time ago, and the patient does not even suspect it.

Diagnostics using the drug Diaskintest has a higher accuracy of results when compared with checking the Mantoux test. This occurs due to the special composition of proteins that are sensitive to the pathogen and have anti-allergenic properties. Thus, the likelihood of a false-positive DST reaction is noticeably reduced.

Compound

Every parent should know that the DST vaccination is a test that does not contain waste products of Koch bacilli. It contains only synthetic antigens.

The allergen is a protein with two surface foreign agents, which the body perceives as tuberculosis pathogens. In addition to the active ingredients, the drug contains excipients:

• phenol (preservative);
• polysorbate (stabilizer);
• sodium and potassium phosphate;
• saline solution

The protein with antigens is more specific than the waste products of Koch's bacillus. In other words, the probability of a negative reaction occurring is highest in the absence of disease.

Some parents are concerned about the fact that DST is a test that introduces phenol into the child’s body. According to clinical studies, this substance is administered in a minimal dose. It is not capable of having a negative effect on the body of even a one-year-old child. In addition, the drug used to perform the Mantoux test also contains phenol.

Decoding the result: norm and deviations

The result should be assessed by a medical professional by measuring the diameter of the mark after the injection with a transparent flexible ruler with millimeter divisions.

The appearance of the papule is also examined (the presence of redness, swelling, and other abnormal phenomena).

There are the following reactions for the DST test:

• Negative. There is no trace, swelling. Redness or induration up to 1 mm in size is allowed. This result is considered normal and indicates the absence of infection. For children, this means that after a month they can be immunized against tuberculosis with BCG.
• Positive. In the injection zone there is a mark with a diameter of 5 to 14 mm. There may also be redness, swelling, and thickening. Indicates the presence of Koch's bacillus in the body. It is an indication for referral to a tuberculosis clinic and initiation of anti-tuberculosis therapy. A positive reaction, in turn, is divided into mild (papule with a diameter of 5 mm), moderate (trace size from 5 to 9 mm) and pronounced (formation 10-14 mm).
• Doubtful. The mark after injection measures up to 5 mm. There may be no papules, but then there is hyperemia. There is slight redness and swelling. If such a result is obtained, a person needs additional examination.
• Hyperergic. The diameter of the papule exceeds 15 mm. Sometimes vesiculo-necrotic changes are present (abscess, severe inflammation).

The stronger the response, the more active the infection is in the body.

Dates

There are certain standards approved by the Ministry of Health. They strictly regulate the frequency of DST vaccination.

The deadlines are as follows:

• Diaskintest is indicated for children and adolescents whose age is in the range of 8-17 years. The test is carried out once a year as part of a mass survey of the population to detect tuberculosis.
• If the child has not been vaccinated with BCG, Diaskintest is indicated once every 6 months.
• Adults should know that DST is a test that applies to them as well. Men and women are also recommended to administer the drug every year for preventive purposes.
• For children from 1 to 8 years of age, the test is performed only if a positive Mantoux reaction is detected.

In all other cases, the timing of placement is determined by a doctor (pediatrician or therapist). Diaskintest can be repeated no earlier than 2 months after receiving a negative result. If the reaction is positive, the timing of the placement can be any. But in this case, the duration of the time intervals should also be determined by the doctor, taking into account the individual health characteristics of the patient. In addition, DST is not carried out earlier than 30 days after vaccination and acute infectious pathologies.

DST-14 Scanner-tester Automotive diagnostic scanner-tester DST-14

Scanner-tester DST-14

Price:

DST-14-Kf: 36,500 rub. DST-14/NK1: 43,500 rub.

Applicability table

The DST-14 hardware scanner is the most modern model of scanners in the DST line from the famous. It is intended for diagnosing electronic engine control systems and other systems (transmission, ABS, etc.) of domestic cars (VAZ, GAZ, IZH, ZAZ, UAZ, GM-AVTOVAZ, PAZ, MAZ, SeAZ, KAMAZ (including Chevy Niva , Chevy Viva, Lada Granta) and imported (VAG group (Audi, VW, Skoda, Seat), Daewoo/Chevrolet, Kia, Opel, Renault, Peugeot, Fiat, Citroen, Hyundai, Ford, BAW, Great Wall, Chery , Mazda, Toyota/Lexus, Nissan, Foton, Ssang Yong, Hafei, as well as vehicles that support diagnostics according to OBD and CAN standards).

Description

The cartridge-less hardware device DST-14 is a scanner-tester with expanded memory and a convenient way to update software via the USB interface. It replaced the well-proven DST-12 scanner and is an improved, latest version of scanners in this line. It consists of a scanner unit, diagnostic and interface cables.

The scanner unit is made of impact-resistant plastic, which is highly resistant to aggressive liquids (gasoline, oils, etc.) and temperature changes. On the scanner body there is a control panel and a matrix liquid crystal display (128 x 64 pixels), which allows you to work in both text and graphic modes. The scanner adapter supports data exchange standards via K-Line, L-Line (in accordance with ISO9141 and ISO14230 standards -1), RS-232 and for power connection. Other supported diagnostic interfaces: J1850 PWM/VPW and CAN: ISO11898 (High speed), ISO11519 (Fault tolerant), J2411 (Single wire). Overall dimensions - 205x100x37 mm, weight 350 grams.

DST-14 is a scanner-tester with extended memory and a convenient way to update software via USB interface. Free software update for one year from the date of sale! Today it includes all diagnosable units, as in DST-12, as well as new diagnostics for Nissan cars.

The memory capacity of DST-14 is many times increased compared to the memory of the previous model DST-12 and amounts to 500 megabytes (the NPP NTS software developed to date takes no more than 30 MB). The list of diagnosed blocks depends on the software version and can expand as new blocks are added. The latest list of diagnosed car brands and units can be found on the manufacturer’s website www.nppnts.ru. The manufacturer is constantly developing and adding new diagnostic modules. To update the software, the user will need: scanner tester DST-14, a standard USB cable and power supply (from the main delivery package), a computer with a USB 2.0 port, an Internet connection and basic skills in working with a computer, programs and files.

Attention! Free software update for a year from the date of sale (and not until the end of the calendar year, as for DST-12).

All data is displayed in Russian in digital form. The device allows you to save test results in its non-volatile memory for subsequent analysis. DST-14 can operate from a supply voltage of +12V and +24V, which allows you to diagnose both cars and trucks. To exchange data with a computer, you need specialized DstLink software, which allows you to read data from DST-14 for more thorough processing of the obtained engine operating parameters and maintaining databases.

DST-14 is an indicator-type diagnostic device; in terms of metrological properties, it belongs to products that are not measuring instruments and do not have precision characteristics, in accordance with GOST 25176, and does not require verification.

Comparative characteristics of DST-14 and DST-12 are given in the table:

Functionality

Scanner functions:

• Read system data;
• Display diagnostic trouble codes;
• Erase fault codes;
• Control the actuators of the vehicle;
• Record and save the values ​​of variables and state flags in the tester’s memory;
• Display data in both text and graphical modes;
• Set a password; (Delete)
• The parameters obtained from the ECU during diagnostics and stored in the tester’s memory can be copied to a computer for further analysis. After importing into MS Excel or OpenOffice, the names and values ​​of the parameters can be viewed in the form of a table or graph.

Equipment

Delivery set of DST-14-Kf:

• Scanner DST-14
• Passport
• Bag for transportation and storage
• Documentation on CD
• USB 2.0 AM/miniB 5P cable
• Power supply 12V 1A

Delivery set DST-14/NK1 (optimal set):

• Scanner DST-14
• Passport
• Bag for transportation and storage
• Documentation on CD
• USB 2.0 AM/miniB 5P cable
• Power supply 12V 1A
• Diagnostic cable SO4-D12-DIAG (universal extension cable for all cars)
• OBD II adapter cable AMD4-D43-OBDII (for cars with OBDII 12/24V diagnostic block)
• Adapter cable GAZ AM4-D22-GAZ (for GAZ, UAZ cars)
• Adapter cable VAG-4 AM4-D52-VAG (for VAG group cars: Audi, VW, Skoda, Seat, manufactured before 1994)
• Cable SO4-D21-VAZ (for VAZ, IZH and DAEWOO cars with a 12-pin diagnostic connector (GM))
• Power cable SO4-D32-VAZ ACC (for use together with cable SO4-D21-VAZ and SO4-D41-GAZ ABS)

Additionally you can purchase:

• Adapter cable VAZ/GM-12 for VAZ cars powered by the diagnostic block (AM4-D32-VAZ).
• Steyr adapter cable for connection to vehicles with VDO Steyr (GAZ-560) ECU (AM4-D62-Steyr).
• Cable for connecting to the ABS of GAZ cars (СО4-Д41-ГAZ АБС).
• DEUTSCH9 adapter cable for trucks with J1939 9pin connector (KAMAZ – Cummins) (AMD4-D45-DEUTSCH9).

You can order an application for the purchase of equipment by phone. +7

Email

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What rules must be followed after testing?

The drug is administered subcutaneously. The setup algorithm is identical to the procedure for performing the Mantoux test.

In order for the test results to be reliable, several recommendations must be followed:

• Until the DST is deciphered by a doctor, do not take water procedures. In this case, it is allowed to wet the injection site, but it is desirable that skin contact with water be as short as possible and only when necessary.
• The injection site should not be scratched, rubbed, treated with topical preparations for faster healing, wrapped in a bandage or covered with a band-aid.
• It is recommended to avoid high-intensity physical activity until you visit your doctor again. Sweating can cause changes in the ongoing reaction.

In addition, it is not recommended to spend a long time in the sun or walk in severe frost.

How is Diaskintest performed?

When a test is prescribed for the first time, parents are often interested in the question of how Diaskintest is done. The procedure itself does not outwardly differ from the famous Mantoux production. The drug is injected intradermally into the middle part of the forearm using an insulin syringe. Only the needle point remains at the injection site. In some cases, a bruise may appear. Such options are the norm.

Diaskintest - preparation for analysis

The DST test can be performed at any time. Preliminary preparation, as for staging Mantoux, is not required. More often, the test is carried out in the morning, but there are no strict guidelines regarding the time of DST. Before the procedure, you are allowed to eat, as always, no special diets are required. In some cases, the test may be prescribed while other tests are being carried out; you should ask your doctor about the specifics of preparation for which.

Is it possible to wet Diaskintest?

This question arises because parents often draw a parallel between DST and Mantoux. In fact, these are two different research methods, each of which has its own characteristics. It is known that during the test, an infiltrate remains at the injection site. Its size determines the degree of the body's reaction to the introduced pathogen. With DST the situation is different.

The test leaves no traces behind (if the result is negative), so there is no need to avoid contact with water. Diaskintest can be wetted or washed, but do not rub the injection site too hard with a washcloth. Doctors also recommend refraining from visiting the pool after setting the DST. In some cases, the injection site may itch and itch, which is considered normal in the absence of other symptoms.

Interpretation of results

The DST vaccination is deciphered by a therapist or pediatrician. At the same time, during the assessment, experts rely on certain criteria.

Result options:

1. The reaction is negative. The doctor did not detect any changes at the injection site. This result indicates that there are no mycobacteria in active form in the body of the person being studied. Directly at the injection site, you can visualize the injection mark. If the algorithm is violated during staging, in some cases a hematoma forms. Parents are worried that the DST vaccine has turned blue. What it is? This condition indicates rupture of small blood vessels. It is not pathological and does not warrant immediate medical attention. The only difficulty is that a bruise at the injection site can distort the results, as if masking the redness. In such situations, repeated testing is indicated.
2. The reaction is positive. The first sign of the presence of Koch bacilli in the body is an infiltrate at the site of drug administration. Moreover, the more pathogens, the larger the compaction. It can reach 15 mm in size. It is important to understand that a positive Diaskintest result indicates infection, and not the active course of the disease. Many people have Koch bacilli in their bodies, but they are in a dormant state. Their transition to the active phase can occur under the influence of various unfavorable factors. Indications for immediate therapy are: infiltrate more than 15 mm, inflamed lymph nodes, vesicular and crusty structures at the injection site.

The result may also be considered doubtful. For example, in the event of a bruise that may prevent the doctor from correctly interpreting the reaction.

How the test is carried out

Diaskintest does not require special preparation. But for the analysis, the child must be healthy and have no signs of allergies. Therefore, the pediatrician first examines the patient, measures temperature, pressure, and palpates the lymph nodes. Such measures are necessary to minimize the likelihood of adverse reactions.

People who are prone to allergies are advised to take an antihistamine on the day of the test. Also, on the eve and on the day of the procedure, highly allergenic foods should be excluded from the diet (for example, strawberries, chocolate, citrus fruits, pastries and cakes with dyes, juices with preservatives). This will help avoid the spread of infiltration and the appearance of skin rashes.

Diaskintest technology:

• The patient sits on a couch or chair.
• The forearm is treated with an antiseptic drug (alcohol).
• The nurse draws a test substance into a disposable syringe.
• A puncture is made in the middle third of the forearm and a dose of the product is injected intradermally.
• The injection site is wiped with alcohol.

Normally, a thickening (papule) should appear on the skin. Soon it disappears or transforms into a denser formation. After 72 hours, the reaction is assessed.

Reasons for false results

In isolated cases, DST is positive in the absence of a pathogen in the patient’s body. This may be due to the following conditions:

• The doctor ignored the existing contraindications for the patient.
• The injection site was infected.
• After administration of the drug, an allergic reaction to the protein occurred.
• The patient has autoimmune pathologies.

Adults are prohibited from drinking alcohol-containing drinks before taking the test and before assessing the reaction. Alcohol can significantly distort the results.

Contraindications

Like any other test, DST has a number of limitations. Main contraindications to the administration of the drug:

• Dermatological diseases accompanied by extensive rashes.
• Epilepsy.
• The presence of any pathologies in acute form.
• Increased body temperature.
• Individual intolerance to the components included in the drug.

The list of contraindications can be expanded by the attending physician based on medical history and examination.

Side effects

According to numerous reviews, the drug is well tolerated by most patients. Some people may experience a slight deterioration in their overall health. This appears as:

• Episodes of headache.
• Increased body temperature.
• General malaise.
• Allergic reaction (itching, shortness of breath, rashes, swelling of the nasopharynx).

An abscess or bruise may form at the injection site. Adults sometimes experience surges in blood pressure.

In most cases, side effects are short-term. As a rule, they go away on their own within a few days or even hours. If an allergic reaction occurs, doctors recommend taking an antihistamine, such as Zyrtec or Erius.

If an abscess occurs at the injection site, you should consult a doctor. This phenomenon indicates infection of the wound.