What vaccinations are given to children aged 2 years along with DTP and how are they tolerated by the child?

26.07.2021

Vaccination schedule for children by age

Vaccination is a method of vaccination. With its help, a person's immunity is strengthened. By injection, substances and microorganisms are introduced into our body that produce antibodies and protect people from external irritants - viruses and bacteria that cause various diseases.

What are the benefits of vaccinations?

Vaccination plays a very important role; it performs a number of useful functions:

• Prevention of infection - the vaccine does not guarantee 100% protection; it only alleviates the symptoms of the disease and reduces the risk of infection. The injection forms acquired immunity in the human body. After vaccination, you can get sick, but the recovery process will be more painless, and there is a high probability of avoiding complications and, especially, death. For example, vaccination against tuberculosis reduces the risk of developing meningitis and a severe form of this infection by 5 times;
• Protection against incurable diseases - we are talking about infections that do not require specific treatment. For example, the only way to combat rabies is through vaccination. After a bite, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible so that he can give an injection and thereby prevent infection. The situation is approximately the same with the human papillomavirus. The disease cannot be eliminated, but infection can be prevented through vaccination. Because the virus is sexually transmitted, the vaccine should be received before sexual activity begins;
• The formation of collective immunity is an important aspect for humanity as a whole. Any virus will stop being transmitted if about 70% of the population is vaccinated against it. There are cases when, after effective vaccination, the disease disappeared in principle. Smallpox is proof of this; the last case of infection was recorded in 1979. Also, vaccinated people protect unvaccinated people, since they will form their immediate environment and act as a shield. Therefore, the presence of herd immunity is very important for people who cannot receive an injection due to contraindications. There are vaccinations that are given one at a time, and some of them are given together.

The main diseases for which there are no vaccines yet are HIV infection, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus infection and malaria.

There is a whole list of vaccinations for adults and children. There is a table of vaccinations by age especially for children. Injections are provided for vaccination against common diseases and other ailments. What vaccinations should children receive to protect them from dangerous diseases?

We all know that vaccination is not a mandatory or compulsory measure, and if you are a categorical opponent of vaccinations, you have every right to refuse to have them administered to your child, and there is no need to invent reasons for medical withdrawals or forge documents. This should not in any way affect attendance at kindergarten or school, except during periods of disease outbreaks from which your child is not protected.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ guarantees that no one can be vaccinated without personal consent or parental consent. The absence of preventive vaccinations entails: a ban on citizens traveling to countries where, in accordance with international health regulations or international treaties of the Russian Federation, their stay requires specific preventive vaccinations; temporary refusal to admit citizens to educational and health institutions in the event of widespread infectious diseases or the threat of epidemics; refusal to hire citizens for work or removal of citizens from work, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases. This ensures the constitutional rights and freedoms of a citizen of the Russian Federation.

Parents are only required to formalize their refusal to vaccinate in writing at the clinic or child care facility. Yes, most likely this will entail opposition from the administration of the child care institution. It is illegal. It is better for you to fight for your rights, contact higher authorities, and not provide a card with non-existent vaccinations. After all, then everyone will be sure that your child is vaccinated, that he has no reactions or contraindications, which means he is subject to revaccination within the prescribed time frame. Revaccination is often carried out locally (in a kindergarten or school), and very often parents find out about it after the fact.

Even for the most stubborn opponents of vaccination, there are certain situations when protecting a child or family members is still worth thinking about:

1. If an epidemic of a dangerous infectious disease has been declared in the region.

2. If you are going to regions where any dangerous infectious disease is endemic.

3. For injuries, especially contaminated ones, emergency tetanus prophylaxis is necessary.

4. If you are bitten by any animal or have close contact with an animal (salivation) in which rabies is suspected, urgent consultation with a doctor is necessary (emergency rooms). Further actions are determined by the doctor; if necessary, emergency rabies prevention is carried out. Rabies is a 100% fatal disease.

5. If a family is planning a pregnancy, and existing children are not vaccinated against rubella, the woman is recommended to donate blood for the presence of a protective titer of antibodies against rubella and, if necessary, be vaccinated before pregnancy. For most children, rubella is painless, but damage to the fetus leads to miscarriages or developmental defects.

6. If there are immunocompromised people in the family (cancer patients, patients with immunodeficiencies) for whom an infectious disease can become fatal, it is recommended to vaccinate all other family members to protect the former.

7. If your child has had contact with a sick person, and you do not want him to get sick, then emergency vaccination or immunoglobulin administration is necessary.

Vaccination calendar for children

The pediatrician decides whether vaccinations can be done. A number of contraindications:

• immunodeficiency;
• chronic diseases;
• complications from vaccinations;
• allergic reaction to yeast;
• newborn weight up to 2 kg;
• allergy to egg white;
• convulsions;
• some diseases of the central nervous system.

Injections are given to the child only after the parents have signed the necessary documents. They must be signed before each vaccination. Parents may avoid the necessary injections, but then the health of their child is jeopardized.

Vaccinations for children under one year of age:

• In the first days after birth, the baby is vaccinated against hepatitis B;
• On days 3-7 an injection against tuberculosis is provided;
• In the first month, a second vaccination against hepatitis B is given;
• In the second month, a third vaccination against hepatitis B may be given for children at risk;
• In the third month, injections are given for whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria and polio;
• On the fourth, a second vaccination against whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria and polio is given;
• Two months later, the child is vaccinated against the same diseases for the third time;
• One-year-old babies are already vaccinated against mumps, measles and rubella.

Vaccination schedule for children from 1 year to 3 years:

• At the age of 1 year and 3 months, an injection is given for pneumococcal infection;
• At one and a half years, another vaccination is administered against whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria and polio;
• A child aged 1 year and 8 months is vaccinated against polio.

List of vaccines for children aged 3 to 18 years:

During this period, repeated vaccinations and revaccinations are provided. This is necessary because the drugs used do not provide lifelong immunity.

• At 6 years old, the child is vaccinated again against mumps, measles and rubella;
• A year later, an injection is given for tetanus, diphtheria and BCG;
• At the age of 13, another vaccination against hepatitis B and rubella is provided;
• At age 14, children are vaccinated against tetanus, diphtheria and polio.

Vaccinations for children of the first year of life

Your baby is born! You have been waiting for it for a long time, and now this little lump is smacking its lips and squinting in your hands... But along with you, dangerous infections were also waiting for it, the pathogens of which are always around us!

Vaccinations help keep your baby healthy, especially in the first year of life. Most vaccinations before the first year of life are administered using a syringe. Some anxious mothers try to postpone the child's vaccination procedure, thinking that they are protecting the baby. Not true! Delayed vaccination for children in the first year of life is an additional chance for the development of a serious infectious disease!

Literally on the first day, the baby is recommended to receive the hepatitis B vaccine .

“Why so early?” you ask.

We answer: “Vaccinating the first year of a child’s life against hepatitis B protects the baby from possible infection from the mother. Each mother took a test for antibodies to the hepatitis B virus during pregnancy, but, as with any laboratory test, a false negative result is not excluded. This means that the baby is exposed, albeit small, to the risk of contracting the hepatitis B virus from the mother during childbirth, if due attention is not paid to vaccinations in the first year of life. Is it possible to wait with the vaccination and repeat the mother's test? It is possible, but this will not protect the child, because... If the baby becomes infected during childbirth, nothing can stop the infection except a vaccination given immediately after birth. For a child of the first year of life to develop long-term protection in accordance with the national vaccination calendar, the vaccination is repeated 2 more times at the age of 1 month and 6 months.

Vaccination against tuberculosis is the second vaccination of the first year of life in the maternity hospital. Its administration to a child in the first days after birth helps to avoid the development of very severe forms of tuberculosis in case of infection from others.

Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, pneumococcus are a few more infections against which protective vaccinations are given in the first year of life. Vaccination against pneumococcus is recommended at the ages of 2 and 4.5 months, with revaccination in the second year of life. Vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus (three-component or combined (in combination with other infections, for example, polio) vaccines) is recommended in the first year of life at the age of 3 - 4.5 - 6 months with revaccination in the second year of life.

“That is, every month of the first year of life a child should receive one or more vaccinations? For what? I breastfeed him and pass on my antibodies to protect him from these infections,” you ask.

We answer: “Breast milk does not contain enough antibodies to protect against many infections. Moreover, studies have shown that it was mothers who often became the source of whooping cough for their children who were not vaccinated in the first year of life*. Moreover, from the age of 6 months, the incidence of many infections begins to rise, against which it was necessary to obtain protection even before this age. For example, for Haemophilus influenzae infection type b (Hib), the age from 6 months to 2 years in the medical community is called the “valley of tears,” when one’s protective immunity is still absent, and the incidence of Hib-otitis and pneumonia is already high. In our country, vaccination against this infection in the first year of life is provided free of charge only to children at risk; in fact, it can be recommended to all children if they have no contraindications. And there is no need to be afraid of additional vaccinations; the Hib component is included in some combination vaccines, which means that additional protection against serious infection without increasing the number of injections can easily be provided by vaccination in the first year of a baby’s life.

Another vaccination for children in the first year of life that a doctor may recommend that a child receive is a vaccination against meningococcal infection . The pathogenic bacterium can take the life of a sick child in a few hours. After meningococcal meningitis and sepsis, a defect often remains in the form of developmental delays, deafness, or amputated arms or legs.

Vaccinations for children in the first year of life are an important mission for parents to maintain the health of their children for many years. Timely vaccination is the responsibility of every conscious parent to their child!

*Tami H. et al. Sources of Infant Pertussis Infection in the United States / PEDIATRICS Volume 136, number 4, October 2015

Show sources

Sources
Vaccines and vaccinations. National leadership. Brief edition / ed. V.V. Zvereva, R.M. Khaitova. – M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2014. – 640 p.

Are children vaccinated against coronavirus?

The most notorious disease of recent times is COVID-19. When the vaccine for this disease became available, many myths and questions arose. One of the most common ones is: can children be vaccinated against Covid?

It is interesting that one part of the parents is actively interested in: do children need to be vaccinated, and if so, with what and where? And the second is very aggressively opposed to vaccination. Some European countries have long practiced vaccinating children against COVID-19. In Russia, things are a little different. Our vaccines are intended for adults and have been actively tested for a long time. They are recognized in many countries of the world and are considered one of the most effective. However, the issue of vaccination against coronavirus for children is different - everything is unclear.

For example, until recently, WHO experts said that children should not be vaccinated against coronavirus because there is insufficient data on the use of COVID-19 vaccines for this population group. But in June 2021, the WHO stated that the vaccine is suitable for children and adolescents. However, it is better to give the Covid injection to children over 12 years old and only with parental permission. It is recommended to first consult with your pediatrician before making an appointment.

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Contraindications to vaccinations

Contraindications to vaccinations for children 2 years of age are constantly changing, there are fewer and fewer substantiated reasons, and the list of diseases that exempt children from vaccines is shrinking.

All contraindications are divided into 5 groups:

1. True - those listed in the vaccination instructions and in international documents.
2. False - the authorship of such testimony belongs to doctors or parents who reject vaccinations for religious or social reasons.
3. Temporary – there are contraindications, but after a certain time they will be removed (ARVI period).
4. General - for all vaccinations, these include the acute course of diseases, accompanied by an increase in temperature, exacerbation of chronic diseases;
5. Absolute – if there is such a contraindication, the vaccine is not given under any circumstances.