Home » Articles » Prick or injection: what types are there and can you do it yourself?
An injection, or more correctly, an injection, is a method of introducing medications into the human body. Injections are carried out using a syringe and a hollow needle or using a needleless injector by injecting a solution under high pressure.
Types of injections
In medicine, there are several types of injections. Their classification is based on which part of the body the solution is injected into. There are very specific forms of injections, for example, parabulbar (in the area under the eyeball). But below we will talk about the most commonly used varieties.
Intravenous
With intravenous injections, the medication is injected directly into the blood vessel. The most important thing here is compliance with sanitary rules. In theory, any human vein can be used for this type of injection. But more often such injections are given in the veins of the cubital fossa, hand, forearm or lower extremities.
The main thing is that it is well contoured and with sufficient width of the walls. It is better to entrust an intravenous injection to a professional, since there are many nuances in the injection technique, and incorrect execution of the manipulation is fraught with serious complications.
Intramuscular
This type of injection is the most common. A kind of transport depot for the medicine is created inside the muscle, from where the medicine gradually spreads throughout the body, being absorbed into the blood. This helps maintain a stable concentration of the drug for several hours and thereby ensure a long-lasting therapeutic effect.
Large muscles where there are no closely located large vessels are suitable for intramuscular injections. Typically the gluteal, deltoid, or anterior thigh muscles are used for this purpose.
Subcutaneous
This type of injection is also called parental, which literally translates as “bypassing the intestines.” This is an alternative to taking the medication orally by swallowing. The drug is quickly absorbed from the subcutaneous tissue without harming the tissues or changing the osmotic tension of the blood.
A subcutaneous injection is used when there is a need for a quick-acting drug (for example, insulin for diabetes), when the patient is unconscious and cannot swallow a tablet, as well as when there are other obstacles to swallowing - obstruction of the esophagus or stomach, severe vomiting, etc.
For such an injection, it should be easily captured in the fold and not threaten the safety of blood vessels and nerve trunks. A subcutaneous injection is placed in the shoulder, but it can be the area above the shoulder blade, the lower part of the armpit, etc.
Intradermal
With an intradermal injection, a thin needle is inserted at an acute angle under the stratum corneum of the skin to a shallow depth. If the insertion is done correctly, when you press the syringe, a light spherical tubercle up to 4 mm in diameter is formed under the skin.
This type of injection is also called intracutaneous. It is used for local anesthesia, determining the presence of a specific immune response of the body (for example, the Mantoux tuberculin test, allergen tests), testing antitoxic immunity (for example, the Schick reaction to diphtheria) and some other medical procedures. The most common site for such an injection is the outer surface of the shoulder or the front surface of the forearm.
Intraosseous
The intraosseous space is an integral part of the vascular system. The same drugs can be administered intraosseously (intrasternally) as intravenously, and the rate of therapeutic effect is the same.
This injection method was first studied back in the 19th century, was widely used during the Second World War, and since the 80s. last century is included in the recommendations for pediatric resuscitation. But the method began to be truly widely used only at the beginning of the 21st century. with the invention of a special gun apparatus for intraosseous infusion. The fact is that it is not always possible for a doctor to administer medicine intravenously (for example, with extensive burns, in small children, if the patient is in a state of shock or clinical death). Therefore, the intraosseous type of injection is often indispensable when resuscitating a patient.
Intrasternally, the drug is usually injected into the tibia, humerus, or radius. Of course, such manipulation is carried out only by a professional, since if performed incorrectly, it can lead to bone penetration, fracture, cartilage damage and other complications.
Intra-arterial
As the name suggests, this type of injection involves injecting medication directly into an artery, usually the radial or tibial artery. An intra-arterial injection is needed if the medicine quickly breaks down in the body or you need to create a high concentration of the medicine in a specific organ.
This type of injection is also used to administer X-ray preparations for a more accurate study of pathologies (tumors, blood clots, aneurysms, etc.).
Rules for administering subcutaneous injections
Subcutaneous injections are given for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes to a depth of 1.5 cm with syringes with a volume of 1-2 ml (the optimal needle length is 2 cm) in the following areas:
- outer surface of the shoulder and thigh;
- anterior abdominal wall;
- under the shoulder blade.
In these areas, the skin is easy to fold, and the likelihood of damage to nerves, blood vessels and periosteum is minimal. Rapid absorption of the drug in loose fiber minimizes the effect of the drug on the entire body.
Oil solutions are classified as poorly absorbed drugs, so they are administered after preheating to 38 degrees. Afterwards, you need to apply a heating pad or a warming compress to the injection site. These precautions will prevent the formation of infiltrates.
It is not recommended to administer injections in areas with swollen subcutaneous tissue, as well as in areas of compaction after previous injections. Following the correct technique ensures the safety and effectiveness of therapy.
What types of injections can you do yourself?
Often patients do not want to go to the hospital or go to a medical facility for procedures because of the need to give injections a couple of times a day. Or, at an appointment with a pediatrician, a mother may wonder whether she can give injections to her child herself, so as not to bring him to the hospital every time. The ability to administer an injection is a useful skill in emergency situations when it is not possible to quickly transport the patient to the hospital. In this case, you can ask one of your family members to give an injection, or in very desperate situations, you can inject yourself.
It is clear that not all types of injections can be done independently. Intraosseous and intraarterial infusions are absolutely excluded without the participation of a doctor. Intradermal injections have a rather specific range of applications.
The following types of injections are allowed without the participation of a health care professional:
- intramuscular;
- subcutaneous;
- intravenous.
There are a number of general rules before carrying out an independent procedure - clean hands, work surface, preparing everything necessary in advance. It is very unpleasant when you have already opened the package with a syringe and suddenly realized that there is no file for opening ampoules or cotton balls.
The parts of the body where you can give an intramuscular injection were described above, but the easiest way is in the gluteal muscle. Before the injection, you need to slightly knead and stretch it, wipe with alcohol. The needle should not be inserted completely with a sharp movement at an angle closer to 90 degrees, and the syringe plunger should be lowered as slowly as possible.
The correct injection is placed subcutaneously smoothly, at an angle of 45 degrees. It is done in the fat layer. For injection, you need to disinfect the soft tissue and compress it into a kind of fold. It must be remembered that a subcutaneous injection in the abdomen cannot be given near the navel.
Before an intravenous injection, it is necessary to wrap the tourniquet 5-10 cm above the injection site and ask the patient to clench and unclench his fist several times. After 30-60 seconds, the outline of the vein should be clearly palpable. If this does not happen, you can apply a warm cloth to your hand.
Before the procedure, it is better to give the patient a drink of fluids (if dehydrated, the veins are very difficult to palpate). If the vein is clearly visible and palpable, you need to wipe the injection site with alcohol, insert the needle at an angle of 45 degrees towards the bloodstream and slowly press the syringe plunger. After administering the drug, you should remove the tourniquet. If the vein is hard to see, it is better to refuse to carry out the procedure yourself and turn to a professional, especially since many institutions now offer this service, and it is very easy to find out how much an intravenous injection costs at home (in addition, our team offers on-site services).
Order of conduct
Before administering a drug, you should definitely check your sensitivity to this medication. The manipulation is carried out in a procedural environment, maintaining sterility. Treat the surface of your hands with alcohol using two cotton balls.
The skin is pre-treated twice in the injection area. To do this, use sterile beads with alcohol. First, a large area of skin around is captured. Then it is treated only at the puncture site. Injections are performed as follows:
- Intradermal administration. Take half a milliliter of the drug from the ampoule with a long needle. Then change the regular needle to a thin one. Check its patency. For injection, use the middle third of the patient's forearm, its inner surface. Hold the needle with the cut side up. It is inserted at an acute angle parallel to the skin. Then the end of the needle is inserted into the tissue to hide the gap. After this, 0.1 ml of solution is injected. A papule forms, which resolves after forty minutes. The needle is removed and the skin is not treated after the injection.
- Subcutaneous. With your left hand, collect the skin into a fold. Right, hold the syringe at an acute angle. Then the needle is inserted to a depth of approximately 2/3 of its length. The cut is directed upward. The drug is administered. A cotton swab with alcohol is applied to the puncture site. With a sharp movement, remove the needle from the tissue. Massage the injection site with a cotton ball and alcohol for better distribution.
- Intramuscular. Determine the exact injection site on the buttock. The injection is made into the upper-outer sector at an angle of 90° to the surface. With the left hand, the soft tissues are firmly fixed. With the right hand, insert the needle perpendicular to the surface to a depth of six centimeters. Slowly introduce the solution. Remove the needle with a quick movement, applying a cotton ball with alcohol to it. The injection site is lightly massaged.
After administering medications, it is necessary to monitor the injection sites. The formation of infiltrates and suppurations should be avoided.
Possible complications during the procedure
Before you decide to inject yourself, it is worth assessing the risks.
With intramuscular and subcutaneous injection, the needle can enter the vessel, which leads to its blockage - embolism. If the injection is given by a non-professional, a couple of days after the injection, infiltrates appear - painful lumps that arise due to non-compliance with sanitary rules or repeated administration of the drug in the same place. A more serious consequence is an abscess, which requires surgical intervention and serious treatment with antibiotics.
Intravenous injections at home with improper technique are fraught with vascular injury. A hematoma quickly appears at the injection site; the drug partially penetrates the skin, causing tissue burns. If a vein puncture occurs at the site of a blood clot, it may break off. With this type of injection, infection is especially dangerous if the rules of asepsis are not observed. It may be better to find out how much an intravenous injection costs with a specialist visiting, weigh the risks and make a decision.
A common complication with all types of injections is allergic reactions to the drug, which can be quite severe, including anaphylactic shock.
How to avoid negative consequences or precautions
Of course, with any invasive procedures it is very important to follow the rules of hygiene and asepsis:
- It is necessary to wash your hands thoroughly, it is better to wear gloves.
- Select a work surface where you will open the ampoule or syringe. Place cotton swabs and alcohol there, which should be treated with an antiseptic. It is best to use a specially designated tray under the work surface.
- During procedures, only disposable instruments should be used. If you accidentally touch the needle before an injection, you should replace it.
- Do not forget to treat the ampoule with the drug with a disinfectant before opening it.
Before taking the medicine, you need to shake the ampoule and carefully ensure that air does not get into the syringe. You can practice drawing liquid into it in advance and removing excess air. Everything necessary for the procedure must be prepared in advance.
Injection at home
We'll arrive within an hour
Let's give an injection
- intramuscular
- intravenous
- subcutaneous
Prices are cheaper than competitors!
It is better not to inject several days in a row in the same place. It is highly not recommended to inject into areas with compactions, swollen or damaged tissue.
During the procedure, your hand must be steady, so if you are worried or afraid of doing something wrong, you may want to consult a specialist. The price of an intravenous injection is not very high, and the consequences of a mistake can be very unpleasant.
