Is there a vaccine against bubonic plague?

In the Chinese Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, located in the north of the country and bordering Mongolia and Russia, a third level of epidemiological threat has been declared due to the bubonic plague. Security measures will be strengthened there until 2021.

Local authorities recommend that residents avoid areas where rodents that carry the disease live. It is also prescribed to go to the hospital in case of malaise and high temperature.

Question and answer What kind of outbreak of bubonic plague occurred in Western Mongolia bordering the Russian Federation? On July 5, the diagnosis of bubonic plague was confirmed in a herdsman hospitalized in the city of Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The man visited one of the suspected outbreaks of infection. He is hospitalized and his condition is assessed as stable.

Earlier, two cases of bubonic plague infection were detected in the western part of Mongolia, bordering the PRC and the Russian Altai Republic. Two people were hospitalized - a 27-year-old man and a girl who, at the time of the first symptoms of the disease, had direct contact with 60 people. Mongolian authorities said they had taken all necessary measures to prevent the plague from spreading to neighboring regions and countries.

What kind of disease is bubonic plague?

The plague bacillus causes three different types of plague: bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is spread by infected fleas living on tarbagans, or Mongolian marmots. In addition, you can catch the infection by eating raw meat or cutting it.

Vaccine CoviVac instructions for use

The drug CoviVac is intended for intramuscular administration. The graft is placed in the upper third of the outer surface of the shoulder (deltoid muscle). Produced in ampoules of 0.5 ml (1 dose). The CoviVac vaccine is used to prevent coronavirus infection and requires two-dose administration with an interval of 14 days.

After receiving the vaccination, remain under the supervision of a doctor for 30 minutes.

For the first time, a vaccine effective against bubonic plague was created at the beginning of the 20th century by bacteriologist, immunologist and epidemiologist Vladimir Khavkin from fever-killed plague bacilli. A live vaccine against plague was created and tested on herself in 1934 by the Soviet bacteriologist Magdalina Pokrovskaya.

Today, the Live plague vaccine is used to prevent the disease. It is a live culture of the vaccine strain of the plague microbe Yersinia pestis EV, dried by lyophilization in a stabilizing medium. The vaccine causes the development of immunity to the plague lasting up to one year.

THE WAR ON THE BLACK DEATH: FROM DEFENSE TO OFFENSIVE

Devastating pandemics and plagues have left a devastating mark on human history. Over the past two centuries, doctors have worked to create a preventive and therapeutic vaccine against a deadly infection. Sometimes testing new drugs cost devotees their lives. In the second half of the twentieth century, new effective vaccines and antibacterial drugs appeared, which gave people hope of complete deliverance from the Black Death. But in fact, the ground for new plague epidemics still exists.

The Asian rat flea Xenopsylla chepsis transmits the plague bacilli from rats to humans.

Microorganisms - causative agents of Yersina pestis plague under a microscope.

The creator of the world's first plague vaccine, Vladimir Khavkin, is vaccinating the local population. Calcutta, 1893.

Sometimes the Black Death served as a source of inspiration for poets, like the chairman of a feast during a plague singing a hymn in honor of a terrible disease. Illustration by V. A. Favorsky for 'Feast during the Plague' by A. S. Pushkin, 1961.

This is how the 19th century Swiss artist Arnold Böcklin depicted the Black Death.

Production of the Khavkin anti-plague vaccine. Bombay, late 1890s.

Scheme of transmission of the plague pathogen from rodents to humans.

The spread of plague across the globe, 1998.

‹

›

History of epidemics

The first reliable plague pandemic, included in literature under the name “Justinian,” arose in the 6th century during the heyday of the culture of the Eastern Roman Empire, during the reign of Emperor Justinian, who himself died from this disease. The plague came from Egypt. During the period from 532 to 580, it covered many countries. The epidemic spread in two directions: in the west - towards Alexandria, along the coast of Africa, and in the east - through Palestine and Syria into Western Asia. The plague spread along trade routes: first along the seashores, then deep into the states bordering the sea coast. It reached its peak when it penetrated into Turkey and Greece in 541-542, and then into the territory of present-day Italy (543), France and Germany (545-546). Then more than half the population of the Eastern Roman Empire died - almost 100 million people.

The second pandemic, known as the Black Death, came in the 14th century (1348-1351). Not a single European state has escaped the onslaught of infection, not even Greenland. This pandemic is well documented in many author's sources. It ushered in a period of epidemics that did not leave Europe alone for five centuries. During the second pandemic, which affected almost all countries of the world, about 40 million people died around the globe. Dirt, poverty, lack of basic hygiene skills and crowded population were the reasons for the unchecked spread of the disease. The plague “moved” at the speed of a horse - the main transport of that time.

A tragic picture of the plague epidemic in Italy in 1348 was painted by Giovanni Boccaccio in the first short story of the Decameron: “Glorious Florence, the best city of Italy, was visited by a destructive plague... Neither doctors nor drugs helped or cured this disease... Since for the great multitude of the dead The bodies that were brought to the churches every hour, there was not enough consecrated ground, then in the overcrowded cemeteries near the churches they dug huge holes and hundreds of corpses were lowered there. In Florence, as they say, 100 thousand people died... How many noble families, rich inheritances, huge fortunes were left without legal heirs! How many strong men, beautiful women, charming young men, whom even Galen, Hippocrates and Aesculapius would have recognized as completely healthy, had breakfast in the morning with relatives, comrades and friends, and in the evening dined with their ancestors in the next world.”

Indeed, during the years of the second pandemic, many famous people died from the disease: Louis IX (the Saint), Jeanne of Bourbon - wife of Philip of Valois, Jeanne of Navarre - daughter of Louis X, Alphonse of Spain, German Emperor Gunther, brothers of the King of Sweden, artist Titian.

The nature of the disease remained unknown, but even then doctors understood that to stop the spread of the disease it was necessary to separate the sick and the healthy. This is how quarantine was invented. The word "quarantine" comes from the Italian "quaranta" - forty. In Venice in 1343, special houses were built for visitors, in which they were kept for forty days, under no circumstances going outside. Sea transport arriving from dangerous places was also ordered to remain in the roadstead for forty days. Quarantine became one of the first barriers to infection.

The third plague pandemic began at the end of the 19th century in the Chinese province of Yunnan. Spreading along the southern coast of China, by 1894 it reached first the city of Canton and then Hong Kong. The pandemic was rapidly gaining momentum. About 174 thousand people died in six months. In 1896, the Indian city of Bombay was struck. In India alone, 12.5 million people died from the plague from 1896 to 1918. The replacement of sailing merchant ships with steam-powered ships with greater power and speed allowed the infection to quickly spread to other continents, causing outbreaks in port cities along major international shipping lines. Major plague epidemics occurred in South Africa, South and North America.

The “Chinese” pandemic was very different from all previous outbreaks of plague. Firstly, it was a “port plague”, which in the vast majority of cases did not penetrate into the interior of the mainland. Secondly, it was the “rat plague”, since the source of its spread was ship and port rats. Thirdly, it was mainly the “bubonic” plague. Complications of secondary pneumonic plague were observed rarely. Realizing that rats were somehow spreading the “port plague,” quarantine doctors insisted that all mooring ropes in ports and on ships have metal discs that served as an insurmountable barrier to the migration of these rodents.

The Black Death did not spare Russia either. Over the course of the 13th-14th centuries, she visited Kyiv, Moscow, Smolensk, and Chernigov. In Smolensk, out of all the city residents, five people survived; they got out of the city, closed the city gates and left. In the 14th century, in Pskov and Novgorod, the plague destroyed two-thirds of the population, and in Glukhov and Belozersk all the inhabitants died out. This is how the ancient chronicler described the plague epidemic in Pskov in 1352: “And old and young, men and women, all died with iron. And whoever takes what from whom, in that hour dies incurably. For the many who want to serve those who are dying, and who soon die without healing, and for the sake of many who are running away, to serve the dying.” If you believe the chronicles, then in two years in the Pskov and Novgorod lands the plague claimed the lives of 250,652 people.

N. M. Karamzin in his work “History of the Russian State” wrote: “In 1349, an infection from Scandinavia came to Pskov and Novgorod. The disease was detected by glands in the soft parts of the body. The man coughed up blood and died on the next or third day. It is impossible to imagine such a terrible sight: young men and old men, wives and children lay in coffins next to each other, numerous families disappeared in one day. Each priest in the morning found thirty or more deceased in his church; they buried everyone together, and there was no longer room in the cemeteries for new graves: they buried them outside the city in the forests... In a word, they thought that everyone should die.” The Black Death epidemic of the 14th century killed many of the crowned heads, historical figures and aristocrats. Gone into oblivion were Grand Duke Simeon Ioanovich Proud with his brother George and seven children, Novgorod Archbishop Vasily, Grand Duke Vasily Vladimirovich, Prince Yaroslav, his princess and son, the deputy of the Moscow Tsar, Boyar Pronsky, Kazan Metropolitan Corniliy and Astrakhan Archbishop Pachomius.

In 1718, Peter I, realizing the danger the plague posed, issued a decree: “Villages infected with the plague should be surrounded by outposts and deprived of all communication with others, and the houses in which they died out should be burned with all their junk, even horses and cattle... gallows, and whoever sneaks in secretly is hanged without being written off. Accept letters from couriers through fire, rewrite them three (!) times and only send the last copy to its destination; deliver information about sick people under threat of deprivation of life and property.” Under penalty of death, it was forbidden to enter infected houses and take things from sick people.

By the beginning of the winter of 1770, the disease had spread to Moscow. During the Moscow epidemic, 130 thousand people died. In the midst of the plague epidemic, the “Commission for the Prevention and Treatment of Pestilence and Contagious Ulcers” was created. At the end of the epidemic, the Commission instructed one of its members, the senior doctor of the Main Land Hospital, Afanasy Shafonsky, to draw up a detailed report. A. Shafonsky completed the task assigned to him, and in 1775 the book “Description of the pestilence that occurred in the capital city of Moscow from 1770 to 1772 with the annex of all the then established institutions for ending it” was published.

And in the 19th century, the plague repeatedly visited the southern territories of Russia - the Astrakhan province, Odessa, the Caucasus - but did not spread from local temporary foci to the central regions. The last plague epidemic in Russia is considered to be an outbreak of its pneumonic form in the Primorsky Territory in 1921, which came from China. Since the 30s of the last century, the incidence of plague has sharply decreased: both the number of cases and the number of countries in which cases of plague have been recorded have decreased.

But the disease did not go away completely. According to WHO annual reports, from 1989 to 2003, 38,310 cases of plague were reported in 25 countries in Asia, Africa and America. In eight countries (China, Mongolia, Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Republic of Tanzania, Madagascar, Peru and the United States), human cases of plague occur almost annually.

Looking for a reason

For a long time, doctors did not know how to save a patient from the Black Death. The disease spared neither the hungry, ragged crowd, nor the privileged and wealthy classes. Fasting and prayers did not help. The cause of the disease remained unknown.

In 1894, the best medical forces from many countries around the world were sent to fight the third plague pandemic that began in China. The Japanese government sent doctor Shibasaburo Kitazato to China, and the French government sent Alexandre Yersin. By this time, the causative agents of cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax and some other infections had already been discovered, but the microorganism that caused the plague remained unknown. Kitazato isolated microorganisms from the tissues of a deceased patient, which he considered to be the causative agents of the plague. Independently of the Japanese doctor, Yersen, having obtained a culture of microorganisms from those killed by the plague, simultaneously discovered the plague bacillus in the corpses of dead rats. For a long time, it was believed in medical circles that the microorganisms discovered by researchers were identical. But two years later, Japanese bacteriologists K. Nakamura and M. Ogata with pathologist M. Yamagawa established that the true causative agent of the plague was still a microbe isolated by A. Yersin, and the microorganism isolated by S. Kitazato belonged to the accompanying microflora. Ogata made a report about this at the International Congress in Moscow in 1896.

The microorganism that causes plague, the plague bacillus, has changed its taxonomic nomenclature several times: Bacterium pestis

- until 1900,
Bacillus pestis
- until 1923,
Pasteurella pestis
- until 1970 and, finally,
Yersinia pestis
as recognition of the priority of the French scientist.

So, the causative agent of the plague was found, but it remained unclear how the disease spreads.

Before the start of the third plague pandemic in China (in Canton), a massive migration of rats was observed, leaving their nests. For no apparent reason, in the light of day they staggered as if drunk, made frequent high jumps on their hind legs, as if trying to jump out of somewhere, then made one or two circular involuntary movements, coughed up blood and died. By the end of the “human” plague epidemic, almost all rats in the city had died out. Doctors realized that there is a direct connection between the rodent disease and the plague pandemic among humans.

In 1899, the famous Russian epidemiologist and microbiologist D.K. Zabolotny wrote: “Various breeds of rodents, in all likelihood, represent in nature the environment in which plague bacteria persist.” The assumption was verified in 1911, when a Russian expedition led by Zabolotny was sent to Manchuria to study and eliminate the pneumonic plague epidemic. There were no port rats in the endless steppes. Nevertheless, the Mongols believed that the plague was transmitted from rodents to humans. The Mongolian name for the plague “tarbagane-ubuchi” directly indicated the connection of the disease with marmots - tarbagans.

In June 1911, student L.M. Isaev, working in Zabolotny’s group near the Sharasun station, noticed a large marmot, the tarbagan, moving with difficulty. Isaev caught him, wrapped him in a cloak and brought him to the laboratory. The plague microbe was isolated from the animal's organs. The scientific discovery of Russian scientists was of global significance. It marked the beginning of epizootology and the theory of natural focality of plague. Zabolotny’s formula: “epizootic among rodents - humans - epidemic” explained the causes of many outbreaks of plague.

The first objective confirmation that the plague microbe can be transmitted from rodents to humans was obtained in 1912. Then, in the northwestern Caspian region, mobile laboratories began to work under the leadership of D.K. Zabolotny and I.I. Mechnikov. A member of the expedition, doctor I. A. Deminsky, isolated a plague microbe from the organs of a gopher. While working with the resulting strain, I. A. Deminsky became infected with the plague and died.

It became clear that rodents are, as it were, a natural reservoir of the plague pathogen. A person can become infected from the “hosts” of the plague bacillus directly when cutting up animal carcasses and through “intermediaries” - fleas, as was the case during the “port plague” in China. When there is a mass death of rats, fleas leave the dead bodies of rodents in search of new hosts. Tens of thousands of insects carrying a deadly disease appear in the human environment.

In India, China, and Madagascar, plague is carried by synanthropic rats (Ratus ratus and Ratus norvegicus). The "repository" of plague in Mongolia, Transbaikalia and Altai turned out to be marmots - tarbagans (Marmota sibirica), and the culprit for outbreaks of plague in the northwestern Caspian region was the small gopher (Citellus pigmaeus).

The vaccine that saved humanity

Since the time of the first plague epidemics, medical practitioners have argued about whether it is possible to become infected with the plague from a patient or not, and if so, in what way. There were conflicting opinions. On the one hand, it was argued that touching the sick and their belongings was dangerous. On the other hand, proximity to sick people and being in an infected area were considered safe. There was no clear answer, since rubbing the patient’s pus into the skin or wearing his clothes did not always lead to infection.

Many doctors saw a connection between the plague and malaria. The first experiment on self-infection with plague was carried out in the city of Alexandria in 1802 by the English doctor A. White. He wanted to prove that the plague could cause an attack of malaria. White extracted the purulent contents of the plague patient's bubo and rubbed it into his left thigh. Even when a carbuncle appeared on his own thigh and the lymph nodes began to enlarge, the doctor continued to claim that he had malaria. It was only on the eighth day, when the symptoms became obvious, that he diagnosed himself with plague and was taken to the hospital, where he died.

It is now clear that plague is transmitted from person to person mainly by airborne droplets, so patients, especially with the pneumonic form of plague, pose a huge danger to others. Also, the plague causative agent can enter the human body through the blood, skin and mucous membranes. Although the cause of the disease remained unclear for a long time, doctors have long been looking for ways to protect against this terrible disease. Long before the era of antibiotics, with the help of which plague is now quite successfully cured, and vaccine prevention, they offered various ways to increase the body's resistance to plague.

An experiment carried out in 1817 by the Austrian doctor A. Rosenfeld ended tragically. He assured that the drug, prepared from bone powder and dried lymph glands taken from the remains of those who died from the plague, when taken orally, completely protects against the disease. In one of the hospitals in Constantinople, Rosenfeld locked himself in a ward with twenty plague patients, having previously taken the drug he advertised. At first everything went well. The six weeks allotted for the experiment were ending, and the researcher was about to leave the hospital when he suddenly fell ill with the bubonic plague, from which he died.

The experiment of the Russian doctor Danila Samoilovich ended more successfully. His colleague fumigated with poisonous powders the underwear of a man who died of the plague. After this procedure, Samoilovich put the underwear on his naked body and wore it for a day. Samoilovich rightly believed that the “living ulcerative principle” (that is, in modern language, the causative agent of the plague) should die from fumigation. The experiment was successful, Samoilovich did not get sick. Thus, science, a hundred years before Yersin’s discovery, received indirect confirmation that the causative agent of the plague was a living microorganism.

The search for means to prevent and treat the plague continued. The first therapeutic anti-plague serum was prepared by Yersen. After injecting the serum into patients, the plague progressed in a milder form, and the number of deaths decreased. Before the discovery of antibacterial drugs, this vaccine was the main therapeutic agent in the treatment of plague, but it did not help with the most severe, pulmonary form of the disease.

In 1893-1915, Vladimir Khavkin, a graduate of Novorossiysk University, worked in India. In 1896, in Bombay, he organized a laboratory in which he created the world's first killed anti-plague vaccine and tested it on himself. The new vaccine had both therapeutic and preventive effects. After vaccination, morbidity decreased by half and mortality by four. Vaccinations with the Haffkine vaccine have become widespread in India. Until the 40s of the 20th century, the Haffkine vaccine remained essentially the only cure for the plague. In 1956, it was 60 years since the creation of the anti-plague laboratory (since 1925 - the Khavkin Bacteriological Institute). President of India Prasad in this regard, Fr.

In our country, the development of live vaccines against plague began in 1934 with the production of a new vaccine strain at the Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute by M.P. Pokrovskaya by treating a culture of the plague pathogen with bacteriophages. After testing the vaccine on animals, Pokrovskaya and her collaborator injected themselves subcutaneously with 500 million microbes of this weakened culture of the plague bacillus. The experimenters’ body reacted sharply to the introduction of “foreign” microorganisms with a rise in temperature, a deterioration in general condition, and a reaction at the injection site. However, after three days, all symptoms of the disease disappeared. Having thus received a “start in life,” the vaccine began to be successfully used in eliminating the plague outbreak in Mongolia.

At the same time, on the islands of Java and Madagascar, French scientists L. Otten and G. Girard also worked on creating a live vaccine. Girard managed to isolate a strain of the plague microbe, which spontaneously lost virulence, that is, it ceased to be dangerous to humans. The scientist named the vaccine based on this strain after the initials of the girl who died in Madagascar from whom it was isolated - EV. The vaccine turned out to be harmless and highly immunogenic, so the EV strain is still used to this day to prepare a live anti-plague vaccine.

A new vaccine against plague was created by V.P. Smirnov, a researcher at the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute of Siberia and the Far East, who participated in the elimination of 24 local outbreaks of plague outside our country. Based on numerous experiments on laboratory animals, he confirmed the ability of the plague microbe to cause the pulmonary form of the disease when infected through the conjunctiva of the eye. These experiments formed the basis for the development of conjunctival and combined (subcutaneous-conjunctival) methods of vaccination against plague. To verify the effectiveness of the method he proposed, Smirnov injected himself with a new vaccine and at the same time infected himself with a virulent strain of the most dangerous, pneumonic form of plague. For the purity of the experiment, the scientist categorically refused treatment. On the 16th day after self-infection, he left the isolation ward. According to the conclusion of the medical commission, Smirnov suffered from the cutaneous bubonic form of plague. Experts stated that the vaccination methods proposed by V.P. Smirnov turned out to be effective. Subsequently, in the Mongolian People's Republic, during the elimination of the plague outbreak, 115,333 people were vaccinated using these methods, of whom only two fell ill.

Healthcare against plague

The formation of the anti-plague system in Russia began at the end of the 19th century. In 1880, in St. Petersburg, on Aptekarsky Island, there was an anti-plague laboratory, organized on the initiative of Academician D.K. Zabolotny and Professor A.A. Vladimirov. Working with cultures of the plague microbe was dangerous and required isolation. Based on these considerations, in 1899 the laboratory was moved outside the city to the provincial fort “Alexander I”.

Departments of the St. Petersburg laboratory were engaged in studying the microbiology of the plague microbe, the susceptibility of various animal species to it, preparing anti-plague vaccines and serums, and training doctors and paramedical personnel. Over 18 years, articles on the microbiology of plague were written within its walls, the authors of which were plague doctors D.K. Zabolotny, S.I. Zlatogorov, V.I. Isaev, M.G. Tartakovsky, V.I. Turchinovich-Vyzhnikovich , I. Z. Shurupov, M. F. Schreiber.

In 1901, a well-equipped anti-plague laboratory for that time appeared in Astrakhan. It was headed by N. N. Klodnitsky. In 1914, a congress on the fight against plague and gophers was held in Samara, at which the question of organizing a bacteriological institute with an anti-plague bias was raised. Such an institute was opened in 1918 in Saratov, where the laboratory was transferred from the Kronstadt Fort. Now it is the Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”. To this day, “Microbe” remains Russia’s advisory and methodological center for especially dangerous infections.

In the USSR, a powerful network of anti-plague institutions was created with research institutes with subordinate stations and departments, which functions to this day. Annual observations of natural plague foci ensure the epidemiological well-being of the country. Special laboratories in major seaports are studying strains isolated from ship rats on ships sailing from countries where isolated cases of plague are still observed.

Unfortunately, the Central Asian Research Anti-Plague Institute with a network of anti-plague stations in active outbreaks of Kazakhstan and the anti-plague service of other republics of the former USSR fell out of the unified anti-plague system. And in the Russian Federation, the scale of inspection of plague foci has noticeably decreased. Abandoned collective and state farm lands are overgrown with weeds, and the number of rodents—potential carriers of plague—is increasing. But the reasons for the periodic awakening and extinction of natural plague foci are still unknown. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that the new generation of doctors in the general medical network has never seen patients with plague and is familiar with this infection only from literary sources.

In general, the ground for the emergence of epidemic complications exists, and everything possible must be done to prevent the “Black Death” from the distant past from becoming a disease of future generations.

"Science and Life" about vaccines:

Turbin A. Vaccine. - 1982, No. 7.

Marchuk G., Petrov R. Immunology and progress of medicine. - 1986, No. 1.

Zverev V. Vaccines from Genera to Pasteur. - 2006, No. 3.

Who is vaccinated against bubonic plague and how?

Children from two years of age and adults living in areas enzootic for plague, as well as persons working with live cultures of the disease causative agent, are subject to vaccinations.

Vaccination is carried out once by subcutaneous, cutaneous, intradermal or inhalation methods and orally, and revaccination is carried out after one year, in unfavorable epidemic conditions - after six months. After vaccination, malaise, headache, fever up to 38.5°C, less often up to 40°C (when administered in inhalation), nausea, vomiting are possible. The duration of the reaction can be 1-3 days.

Vinegar, bay leaf, frogs. What was the treatment for the plague epidemic in Europe? More details

Vaccination cannot be done for acute infectious and non-infectious diseases, chronic diseases in the acute phase (vaccination is carried out no earlier than a month after recovery), during treatment with steroid drugs, for systemic connective tissue diseases, malignant neoplasms and malignant blood diseases, allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, anaphylactic shock, history of angioedema), pregnancy, etc. The use of the vaccine in combination with certain antibiotics, as well as within 14 days after other vaccinations, is not allowed.

The World Health Organization (WHO) does not recommend vaccinating the population against plague, with the exception of high-risk groups (for example, laboratory workers who are constantly at risk of infection and healthcare workers).

What happens after vaccination

When a person is vaccinated against plague, microbial cells begin their active action. There is no clinical picture characteristic of the disease, but the human immune system begins to work actively, creating individual protection against the introduced strains.

If there is a repeated encounter with a similar pathogen, then the body already has a sufficient supply of antibodies that can quickly destroy the infection. However, it must be remembered that the plague vaccine can only last about a year for a person.

The name of the drug on each package is given in both Latin and Russian and sounds like “Live dry plague vaccine.” Usually supplied in cardboard packages containing 10 bottles of powdered contents. They are completely sterile and must be opened immediately before the injection.

Side effects

Data published based on clinical studies of the CoviVac vaccine. Undesirable reactions and side effects from the Chumakov Center vaccine may appear after 1-3 days. They usually last no more than 3 days.

slight pain and swelling at the injection site;
headaches and transient hyperthermia.

Other reactions cannot be ruled out:

allergic reaction;
swollen lymph nodes;
exacerbation of chronic diseases.

Clinical data suggests the safety and effectiveness of the CoviVac vaccine.