Vaccination with ADS is a panacea for tetanus and diphtheria

Benefits of ADS vaccine

The main advantages of ADS vaccination include:

• creates reliable immunity against two infectious diseases simultaneously;
• upon contact with an infected person or if soil gets into an open wound, the vaccine is used as an emergency aid (in the first 20 days);
• revaccination creates a high concentration of toxoid in the body;
• If you compare this vaccine with DPT, the risk of severe adverse reactions is much lower.

Simultaneous immunization with ADS and chickenpox vaccination is acceptable.

Vaccine injection site

The complex vaccine is administered in two ways - subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Children under three years of age are most often vaccinated in the outer thigh, and subsequently in the deltoid brachialis muscle.

The choice of such places for vaccination is explained by the fact that here the skin is very thin, there is little subcutaneous fat and the muscles are very close. When the vaccine gets into the fatty layer, it is deposited, enters the blood slowly and subsequently does not have the desired effect.

The buttocks are also not suitable for vaccine administration due to the inaccessibility of the gluteal muscles for the vaccination needle, due to the developed subcutaneous fat in these areas.

Compatibility with other vaccinations

If one of the vaccination options was completed the day before, then it is permissible to administer the ADS vaccine only after a month. Simultaneous immunization against diphtheria, tetanus and polio is allowed. It is strictly contraindicated to immunize simultaneously with the ADS vaccine and the tuberculosis vaccine. During pregnancy and breastfeeding, vaccination is not carried out. After administration of the drug to women of reproductive age, for 1 month after immunization, it is recommended to protect themselves from pregnancy.

Vaccination schedule

Below is the national calendar of preventive vaccinations (according to Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 229 dated June 27, 2001) with amendments and additions made in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 673 dated October 30, 2007.

*Hib vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b is included in the vaccination schedule for infants in all developed and many developing countries. It made it possible to eliminate meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b and reduce the incidence of pneumonia by 25%. Hib vaccination is recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for children under 6 years of age, but is not included in the Russian vaccination calendar due to the lack of a domestic analogue of this vaccine.

1Vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out for all newborns in the first 24 hours of life, incl. children at risk: newborns from mothers who are carriers of HBsAg, patients with or who have had hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for HBsAg, from risk groups for drug addiction; from families where there is a carrier of HBsAg, a patient with acute hepatitis B or chronic viral hepatitis (hereinafter referred to as risk groups).

2Vaccination against hepatitis B for newborns and all children not at risk is carried out according to the 0-3-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2nd dose - after 3 months, 3rd dose - 6 months after 1st vaccination).

3Vaccination against hepatitis B for newborns and children at risk is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1st dose - in the first 24 hours of life, 2nd - at the age of 1 month, 3rd - at the age of 2 months, ?-th dose – at the age of 12 months).

4For immunization against hepatitis B in children 1 year of age, it is recommended to use a vaccine that does not contain a preservative (merthiolate-thiomersal).

5Vaccination of newborns against tuberculosis is carried out with the BCG-m vaccine; Vaccination of newborns is carried out with the BCG vaccine in subjects of the Russian Federation with incidence rates above 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients in the newborn’s environment.

Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out for tuberculin-negative children not infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the age of 7 and 14 years.

In constituent entities of the Russian Federation with tuberculosis incidence rates below 40 per 100 thousand population, revaccination against tuberculosis at 14 years of age is carried out for tuberculin-negative children who have not received the vaccine at 7 years of age.

6Vaccination against polio is carried out three times with inactivated polio vaccine to all children in the first year of life.

7Vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1st dose - at the start of vaccination, 2nd dose - after 1 month, 3rd dose - 6 months after 1 vaccination) for children who did not receive vaccination before the age of 1 years and not belonging to risk groups, as well as adolescents and adults who have not been vaccinated previously.

Notes:

1. Vaccines (except BCG, BCG-m) used within the framework of the National Preventive Vaccination Calendar can be administered with an interval of 1 month or simultaneously with different syringes in different parts of the body.

2. If the start date for vaccinations is not met, they are carried out according to the schedules provided for by the National Preventive Vaccination Calendar and in accordance with the instructions for the use of drugs. Missing one vaccination from a series (hepatitis B, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus or polio) does not entail repeating the entire series; it is continued as if the required interval had been maintained. Immunization of children born from HIV-infected mothers is carried out within the framework of the National Preventive Vaccination Calendar and in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines and toxoids.

3. Immunization of children born from HIV-infected mothers is carried out taking into account the following factors: the type of vaccine (live or inactivated), the presence of immunodeficiency and concomitant diseases.

4. When immunizing children born from HIV-infected mothers, incl. HIV-infected children, regardless of the stage of the disease and the number of CD4+ lymphocytes, use all inactivated (including toxoids) and recombinant vaccines.

5. Live vaccines (ZHIV, ZHPV, Priorix, Varilrix, Mumps-measles divaccine, Rudivax, OPV, etc.) are administered to children with an established diagnosis of HIV infection in the absence of immunodeficiency in accordance with the National Preventive Vaccination Calendar. In the presence of immunodeficiency, the administration of live vaccines is CONTRAINDICATED.

6. 6 months after the administration of live vaccines, HIV-infected children undergo laboratory tests to assess the level of specific antibodies and, in their absence, undergo re-vaccination with preliminary laboratory monitoring of immune status.

In addition to vaccination carried out according to the preventive vaccination calendar, there is also vaccination for epidemic indications:

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Contraindications

This type of vaccination is not carried out if a person has previously had a pronounced negative reaction to the components of the drug. Other contraindications include:

• Any infectious diseases. Immunization is permissible only 2-4 weeks after recovery.
• Severe neurological symptoms.
• Immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV and AIDS.
• Malignant neoplasms.
• Allergic reactions. Vaccination is permissible only 2-4 weeks after an allergy exacerbation.
• Severe post-vaccination complications after a previously administered ADS vaccine.

Possible reactions

If your body reacts to the measles, rubella and mumps vaccine, you should not worry, since this is an indicator of the activity of the human body's immune system. Such reactions do not require special treatment. It is important to remember that all reactions to this vaccine occur between 5 and 15 days after vaccination. All symptoms that occur at other times are not associated with vaccination and require additional diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The most common reactions to a multicomponent vaccine are fever, minor rash, joint pain, runny nose and cough, pain at the injection site, which disappears on its own in a short time, without the use of additional therapy.

Fever

This is the most common post-vaccination symptom possible. The temperature generally rises to subfebrile levels, and in isolated cases can reach 39-39.5 degrees. In childhood, febrile convulsions may occur due to high fever. High temperature is absolutely not necessary for the immune system to work, so it should be reduced. Antipyretic drugs based on paracetamol and ibuprofen are recommended for children at home. The form of antipyretics can be any - from suppositories, syrups in children to syrups and tablets in adults.

Rash

Rashes can occur on any area of ​​the skin. Common places where the rash is localized are the face, the area behind the ears, neck, arms, buttocks, and back. The rash resulting from a reaction to this vaccine is very small, all shades of pink, including one that is barely distinguishable from skin color. This rash should not be smeared or treated; it goes away on its own without any consequences. It is important to remember that the presence of a rash after vaccination does not indicate that the vaccinated person is contagious.

Joint pain

Joint pain most often occurs after vaccination at a later age. In 25% of vaccinated people over the age of 25, this symptom is present and is called reactive arthritis. Joint pain can last from a day to 3 weeks. They do not require emergency treatment.

Runny nose

Mild rhinitis may occur after vaccination on the 3rd day. It lasts from 1 to 14 days and causes virtually no inconvenience to the child. This type of runny nose does not require special treatment.

Cough

In the first couple of days, a slight cough may also occur, accompanied by a sore throat. This symptom disappears on its own without special treatment.

Enlarged lymph nodes

Since the mumps vaccine is live, it can cause lymphadenitis of the parotid lymph nodes. This symptom may last for about 2 weeks.

Complications

You need to know about rare complications of the multicomponent measles-rubella-mumps vaccine in advance in order to be able to react in time to emerging symptoms and be able to distinguish them from severe reactions to vaccination (which, we remind you, do not need to be treated, unlike complications).

So, complications include:

1. Anaphylactic shock. It is a very rapid and severe manifestation of an allergic reaction that threatens the patient’s life. It develops on the egg white contained in the vaccine or antibiotics of a number of aminoglycosides. Toxic shock may also occur due to contamination of vaccine materials with staphylococci. These conditions require timely emergency treatment.
2. Hives.
3. Swelling of the injection site.
4. Possible exacerbation of existing allergic reactions.
5. Encephalitis occurs in children with pathologies of the nervous system or with too weak immunity.
6. Meningitis also develops in neurologically compromised patients.
7. Pneumonia, which is not a direct complication of vaccination, but only serves as a reflection of existing disorders in the functioning of the respiratory and digestive systems of the body, which worsen when a person’s immunity is diverted to the received vaccine.
8. A decrease in platelet count in the blood is not dangerous and is asymptomatic and recovers over time.
9. Stomach ache.
10. Myocarditis.
11. Glomerulonephritis.

How to prevent complications

To prevent unwanted complications after vaccination, general approaches must be taken. For example, people prone to allergies should be vaccinated together with the use of antiallergic drugs. Children with damage to the nervous system receive therapy along with the vaccine and for 2 weeks after its administration to prevent exacerbation of the underlying disease. Children who are regularly sick should take restoratives throughout the post-vaccination period. Before vaccination, you need to know if the patient has intolerance to egg white or aminoglycoside antibiotics, which is an absolute contraindication for vaccination. After vaccination, it is important to exclude multiple contacts that serve as a source of all kinds of infections.