List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics

How do broad spectrum antibiotics work?

Broad spectrum antibiotics

- effective antibacterial agents, which can only be used after consultation with a doctor. Such drugs can quickly overcome pathogenic microorganisms, regardless of their type. The advantage of these drugs is that they are equally effective in treating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Gram-positive organisms often cause infectious diseases. They often cause diseases of the ears, nasopharynx and the entire respiratory system. Such illnesses can be caused by enterococcal or staphylococcal infections, and in rare cases, listeria, clostridia or corynebacteria. Gram-negative organisms are much less common. Most often they cause abnormalities in the functioning of the intestines or genitourinary system. Indications for the use of new generation antibiotics may be:

• diagnosis of superinfections - diseases that are caused by several pathogens at once;
• long-term ineffectiveness of therapy with other drugs.

The main advantage of modern antibiotics of the latest generation is their wide spectrum of action. Now there is no need to accurately determine the type of pathogen; it is enough to identify the clinical picture of the disease.

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Myth. Modern antibiotics are so “strong” that not a single bacteria can resist them.

Is it true.

In fact, one of the most pressing problems of modern pharmacology and healthcare in general is the rapid development of resistant strains of bacteria, which are also resistant to modern antibiotics of the latest generations. The emergence of resistance has been registered for each class of antimicrobial drugs without exception. It can develop at any stage of achieving a therapeutic effect (and even several at once). The main mechanisms for the development of resistance [1, 2]:

• Initially resistant strains. For example, some gram-negative bacteria have outer cell membranes that protect their cells from the action of a number of penicillins and cephalosporins.
• Spontaneous mutations leading to the emergence of organisms resistant to antibiotics.
• The transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes is the most common and important mechanism for the development of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that can have unpredictable consequences for each of us. Alas, consumers themselves make a huge contribution to its existence. It is appropriate to remind customers of this with prescriptions for antibiotics, emphasizing that the risk of developing resistant strains can be significantly reduced by taking antimicrobial drugs only as prescribed by a doctor and strictly observing the dose and regimen of antibiotic therapy.

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are universal bactericidal drugs that will help get rid of many diseases. Most often they are prescribed for the treatment of various infections, the causative agent of which remains unknown. They are also prescribed if a person has become infected with a fast-growing and dangerous virus. Such drugs are indicated as prophylaxis after major surgical interventions. Remember that not all cheap drugs are so bad.

Modern penicillins

Antibiotics from the penicillin group are drugs based on clavulanic acid and amoxicillin. Representatives of the new, 4, 5, 6 generations can be called Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Solutab. They help to quickly cope with any infectious processes, relieve pyelonephritis, dental abscess, otitis media, sinusitis and much more.

Penicillins are effective drugs that help quickly suppress the activity of many infections and viruses.

Such drugs are not recommended for people with sensitivity to penicillins due to possible allergic reactions that cause serious complications in the body.

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Typically, penicillin antibiotics are prescribed for the following diseases:

• sinusitis;
• whooping cough;
• otitis;
• sore throat;
• bronchitis;
• pneumonia.

The effect of penicillin antibiotics may develop more slowly. However, they immediately stop the reproduction and growth of pathogenic bacteria in the body. Keep in mind that such medications can be taken no more than once a quarter.

Cordarone solution for intravenous administration 50 mg/ml ampoules of 3 ml 6 pcs.

The drug Cordarone, a solution for intravenous administration, is intended for use in cases where rapid achievement of an antiarrhythmic effect is required, or if it is impossible to administer the drug orally. With the exception of emergency clinical situations, the drug should be used only in a hospital in an intensive care unit under constant monitoring of ECG and blood pressure! When administered intravenously, Cordarone should not be mixed with other drugs. Other drugs should not be administered into the same infusion line as Cordarone. Use only in diluted form. To dilute the drug Cordarone, only a 5% dextrose (glucose) solution should be used. Due to the characteristics of the dosage form of the drug, it is not recommended to administer an infusion solution with a concentration less than the concentration of the infusion solution obtained by diluting 2 ampoules in 500 ml of 5% dextrose (glucose). To avoid injection site reactions, Cordarone should be administered through a central venous catheter, except in cases of cardiac resuscitation for defibrillation-resistant ventricular fibrillation, when, in the absence of central venous access, it is possible to administer the drug into peripheral veins (usually the largest peripheral vein with maximum blood flow). Severe cardiac arrhythmias, in cases where it is impossible to take the drug orally (except in cases of cardiac resuscitation for cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation resistant to defibrillation). Intravenous drip through a central venous catheter. Typically the loading dose is 5 mg/kg body weight in 250 ml of 5% dextrose (glucose) solution, administered, if possible, using an electronic pump over 20-120 minutes. Intravenous drip administration can be repeated 2-3 times within 24 hours. The rate of drug administration is adjusted depending on the clinical effect. The therapeutic effect appears within the first minutes of administration and gradually decreases after stopping the infusion, therefore, if it is necessary to continue treatment with Cordarone, a solution for intravenous administration, it is recommended to switch to continuous intravenous drip administration of the drug. Maintenance doses: 10-20 mg/kg/24 hours (usually 600-800 mg, but can be increased to 1200 mg over 24 hours) in 250 ml of 5% dextrose (glucose) solution for several days. From the first day of infusion, a gradual transition to taking the drug Cordarone should begin orally (3 tablets of 200 mg per day). The dose can be increased to 4 or even 5 tablets of 200 mg per day. Intravenous bolus administration. Intravenous fluid management is usually not recommended due to hemodynamic risk (possible sharp decrease in blood pressure, collapse); Infusion administration of the drug is preferable whenever possible. Intravenous jet administration should be carried out only in emergency cases when other types of treatment are ineffective and only in the intensive care unit under constant monitoring of ECG and blood pressure. The dose is 5 mg/kg body weight. With the exception of cases of cardiac resuscitation for ventricular fibrillation resistant to defibrillation, intravenous bolus administration of the drug Cordarone should be carried out for at least 3 minutes. Repeated administration of the drug Cordarone should not be carried out earlier than 15 minutes after the first injection, even if the contents of only one ampoule were administered during the first injection (the possibility of developing irreversible collapse). If there is a need to continue administration of the drug Cordarone, it should be administered as an infusion. Cardiac resuscitation for cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation resistant to defibrillation. Intravenous bolus administration. The first dose is 300 mg (or 5 mg/kg of the drug Cordarone) after dilution in 20 ml of a 5% dextrose (glucose) solution and is administered intravenously. If fibrillation does not stop, then additional intravenous jet administration of the drug Cordarone at a dose of 150 mg (or 2.5 mg/kg) is possible.

Levomycetin is an essential broad-spectrum antibiotic

Levomycetins are popular antibiotics that help quickly cope with infectious processes. The first representatives of this group had a rather meager spectrum of action; they eliminated only a narrow range of pathogenic organisms. With the development of medicine, such drugs have become more and more effective, and their spectrum of action has expanded.

Despite their wide spectrum of action, antibiotics show the greatest effectiveness in the fight against gram-positive bacteria.

Modern chloramphenicol 2, 3 and 4 generations have an extremely broad effect. The most popular drugs are Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin and Gatifloxacin.

With their help, you will be able to quickly overcome:

• gram-positive organisms
  : staphylococci, streptococci;
• gram-negative organisms
  : Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Protea, gonorrhea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
• into nutricellular pathogens
  : mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella.

It should be noted that many drugs are contraindicated for children under 18 years of age. Also, elderly people should take such medications with extreme caution, since the components of the medications can damage the structure of the tendons. Be sure to keep a list of antibiotics from this group.

Antibiotics for influenza

Antibacterial agents do not have a therapeutic effect against influenza. Their pharmacological action is determined by their effect on pathogenic bacteria. In this case, they may cause more harm than good. By destroying the microflora in the intestines, medications reduce the body's protective functions, making it more vulnerable to viruses.

Antiviral drugs are used to combat the influenza pathogen. They have a wide range of effects, suppressing the development of various viral infections. Their use is indicated not only for treatment, but also for the prevention of influenza. However, their use without the prescription of a specialist is contraindicated in order to eliminate negative consequences.

Antibiotics Rifampicin

Rifampicin antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in pathogenic organisms, resulting in a powerful bactericidal effect. They are most effective against sensitive microorganisms.

The first drug of this group was synthesized in the middle of the last century. Today this drug is actively used to treat tuberculosis.

Rifampicins are a group of antibiotics that can rid a person of the tuberculosis bacillus.

To date, 4 generations of drugs have been developed. They have a wide spectrum of action, are quite safe and do not cause side effects. Such agents help to quickly suppress the activity of Klebsiella, Moraxella, Salmonella and other pathogenic organisms. However, they have the greatest activity against streptococci and staphylococci. Each such drug has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account during treatment.

When to start taking antibiotics for coronavirus

Not all infected people understand when they can take antibacterial drugs for coronavirus infection and what symptoms should appear. You cannot choose and take medications on your own: uncontrolled use of antibiotics can only cause harm. By killing beneficial bacteria along with pathogens, these drugs weaken the body, which is already stunned by the effects of the virus. The consequences can be the most tragic.

A doctor may prescribe a drug based on certain indications:

• bacterial microflora develops in the respiratory tract - this can be understood by the release of yellow or green sputum when coughing;
• elevated body temperature more than 38.5°C for at least 4 days;
• weakness of the body persists even with long-term treatment with antiviral and symptomatic medications;
• discharge of feces with areas of purulent mucus.

Even if symptoms appear, this still does not guarantee that the doctor will prescribe an antibiotic. It is prescribed for proven bacterial infection. Bacteriological culture will help with this: a smear is taken from the nasopharynx, oral cavity, and a section of mucus is taken from the stool. Inoculate on a nutrient medium, determining the type of microorganism. Additionally, a group of antibiotic is determined that will help destroy bacteria.

The use of an antibiotic does not mean that you should exclude the use of an antiviral drug. As part of complex therapy, it will be possible to achieve the greatest effect, since the bacterial flora will be quickly eliminated from the digestive tract and respiratory tract. After completing the course of treatment, a PCR test and bacterial culture are done again: if COVID-19 and its complications are not detected, the patient is discharged.

Carbapenems are reserve antibiotics

As a rule, many people are not even aware of the existence of such a group of antibiotics as carbapenems. People usually encounter them extremely rarely, because they are used only to treat severe infections that threaten human life.

The most popular drugs in this group can be called Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Invanz. Also included in this group are Meronem, Meropenem, Syronem. Indications for the use of such drugs are nosocomial infections, such as:

• intra-abdominal infections;
• abscess, pneumonia, pleural empyema;
• complications of urinary tract infections;
• sepsis and pelvic infections;
• endocarditis;
• severe wounds;
• joint and bone infections;
• infections of soft tissues and skin.
• Bacterial infections and meningitis.

It should be taken into account that carbapenem antibiotics are administered only intravenously using a special dispenser. It is strictly forbidden to use such products if you are allergic or intolerant to the components of the drug, as well as if you are sensitive to cilastatin. It is very important that during therapy the patient constantly informs his doctor about his health and any changes in the body.

What antibiotics are prescribed for coronavirus: list of tablets

Recommendations regarding the treatment of coronavirus infection indicate that it is more advisable to use oral antibacterial drugs. But at the same time, the doctor must take into account the well-being of the infected person and the test results.

Antibiotics for COVID-19 are used in different combinations and in several stages. This is especially important if, along with coronavirus, the patient suffers from an associated bacterial infection.

If the patient has a cough with sputum, elevated body temperature, but overall health is rather normal, you can limit yourself to tablets or capsules. In case of inflammation in the intestines or connection to a ventilator, injections cannot be avoided.

Tetracyclines - time-tested antibiotics

Tetracycline antibiotics

- broad-spectrum drugs.
They are based on a four-cycle system. They do not have a beta-lactam ring, so they are not exposed to the pathogenic influence of beta-lactamase. Such drugs are prescribed for therapy:

• listeria, staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, actinomycetes;
• gonorrhea, salmonella, whooping cough, syphilis, shigella, E. coli and klebsiella.

The advantage of broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotics over their analogues is their ability to penetrate deep into the cell affected by the bacteria. It is for this reason that this remedy is actively prescribed to people with chlamydia, fungal infections, and ureaplasma. It should be noted that tetracyclines are absolutely ineffective in the fight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most popular drugs are Doxycycline and Tetracycline.

Myth. Chloramphenicol is a “strong” safe antibiotic for intestinal infections

Is it true.

On the one hand, chloramphenicol really has a wide spectrum of activity, including gram-positive and gram-negative cocci, gram-negative bacilli, including coliform and hemophilus influenzae, as well as other pathogens of intestinal infections - salmonella, shigella, and so on. But, on the other hand, the drug is associated with an equally wide range of adverse reactions.

Chloramphenicol is known to inhibit hematopoiesis, causing thrombocytopenia, anemia, and even fatal aplastic anemia (albeit in only 1 case in 10,000–40,000 patients) [3]. In addition, it has hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and other side effects. Due to its extremely unfavorable safety profile, chloramphenicol is considered a reserve antibiotic and is prescribed only in cases where the benefit of its use outweighs the risk of side effects. This usually happens if for some reason it is not possible to select another antibacterial drug [3, 5].

Broad-spectrum cephalosporins

Cephalosporins

- one of the large groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics. There are 4 generations of such drugs. The first three were used only for parenteral and oral administration. They gained their popularity due to their low toxicity and high efficiency. Such medications help cope with pneumonia, infections of the urinary tract, pelvis, skin and soft tissues. The products are also effective in the fight against STDs.

These antibiotics are available in tablet form. The medicine should be taken strictly with meals, and should be washed down with plenty of clean water. For the entire course of treatment, try to strictly adhere to your daily routine. It is strictly forbidden to skip taking pills. Treatment is not completed after the first signs of relief. Popular drugs in this group are Cefixime, Ceftibuten, Cefuroxime. They are quite inexpensive.

Myth. Oral cephalosporins are as “strong” as parenteral ones

Cephalosporins (CS) are one of the most extensive classes of antimicrobial drugs, available in both oral and parenteral forms. In this case, the severity of the antibacterial effect is primarily determined by belonging to one of the four generations. 1st generation cephalosporin antibiotics—parenteral cefazolin and oral cephalexin—have the narrowest spectrum of activity, similar to the spectrum of aminopenicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin) [3]. Second generation cephalosporins (parenteral cefuroxime, oral cefaclor) are active against gram-negative bacteria, while their effect on staphylococci and streptococci is close to their predecessors. Thus, the power of representatives of the first and second generation antibiotics is practically independent of the dosage form. But with subsequent generations of cephalosporins, things are not so simple.

It is known that 3rd generation antibiotics have higher activity against gram-negative bacteria, pneumococci and streptococci compared to CS-I and CS-II. However, their oral forms cefixime and ceftibuten clearly have a narrower spectrum of activity than parenteral ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and cefoperazone. In particular, oral drugs do not act against penicillin-resistant pneumococci, which is associated with their relatively low bioavailability. Thus, the bioavailability of cefixime is only 40–50%, while for parenteral forms it approaches 100% [3].

However, cefixime is considered a powerful antibiotic, the use of which is justified for urinary tract infections, as well as otitis media and pharyngitis. Ceftibuten is used much less frequently: it is indicated only for the treatment of acute bacterial complications of chronic bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis and tonsillitis. A significant drawback of this drug is its low activity against Staphylococcus aureus [4]. At the same time, third-generation parenteral cephalosporins are widely used to treat severe infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, biliary tract, soft tissues, intestinal infections, sepsis and others [3].

Antibiotics for children

A special group of new generation antibiotics consists of children's drugs

.
They are prescribed only after 3 days of treatment with antiviral drugs have not brought any effect. Remember that only the attending physician can prescribe such medications. Among the safest children's antibiotics of the latest generation are
:

• Ampicillin-based drugs
  . They are prescribed for the treatment of sore throat, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia or pharyngitis. Ampoules and suspensions are most effective.

• Susamed Forte
  - tablets for the treatment of sinusitis, skin infections, otitis media, pneumonia and bronchitis. Prescribed only to children over 5 years of age.

• Flemoxin Solutab
  - tablet form, which is suitable for the treatment of children under one year of age. Suitable for the treatment of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, ENT organs, genitourinary system and soft tissues.

• Zinnat
  - product for children over 3 months. It suppresses the activity of gonococcal infections, relieves bronchitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia and other diseases.

• Augmentit
  is an antifungal drug that is also effective in combating fungal infections. The dosage is determined depending on the child’s weight.

Children can use many antibiotics, but the dose of the active substance for them should be less than for adults. The advantage is that they are also available as suspensions for internal use and ampoules for intramuscular use.

Features of the use of antibiotics for influenza

There are some features of taking antibacterial drugs for the flu, these are:

1. The medicine must be taken strictly as prescribed, observing the permissible dosage and duration of the course.
2. You cannot stop taking the drug on your own to avoid the disease becoming chronic.
3. The prescription of an antibiotic for influenza pathology must be fully justified by the doctor.
4. In parallel with antibiotic therapy, it is recommended to use probiotics. This is necessary to maintain normal microflora.
5. During treatment, you should drink more fluids and eat dairy products.
6. The patient's diet must be balanced. It is important to take additional vitamin complexes and follow preventive measures when infections develop.