Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
It should be noted that the ADS-M vaccination means: diphtheria-tetanus toxoid in small doses. It is also a variation of the DTP vaccine , but without the pertussis component.
The basis of the vaccine is a mixture of substances that have undergone special treatment. They do not cause severe toxic reactions or infectious diseases, but form an immunological reaction. It is this reaction that is the basis of the principle of action of this vaccination, thanks to which stable immunity to tetanus and diphtheria .
This vaccine is used for revaccination in adult patients and children aged 4-6 years who previously received the DPT vaccine. Therefore, in this case, the ADSM vaccination does not so much build immunity as maintain the level of antibodies at the required level.
Also, this drug is intended for children with intolerance to the pertussis component, which is contained in DTP and ADS vaccinations, for the purpose of emergency immunization, for example, according to epidemic indications.
What is ADSM vaccination: explanation, composition and mechanism of action
ADSM vaccine is indicated for children from 6 years of age and adults. Its purpose is to protect against the pathogens of tetanus and diphtheria at the same time. What does it consist of? The drug contains two toxins neutralized by formaldehyde: tetanus and diphtheria.
After inactivation, they become harmless (weakened), but at the same time retain their immunogenic properties, therefore they are called toxoids (or toxoids). The abbreviation of the drug is the same for all ages. ADS-M stands for Anatoxin-Diphtheria-Tetanus.
“M” indicates a “Small” amount of antigens in the drug, which is confirmed by the composition of 1 vaccination dose:
- 5 units of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, respectively. That is, 1 ml of vaccine contains only 10 of them, which is really small compared to similar drugs;
- auxiliary components (preservative and sorbent).
How does the vaccine “work”? Once in the body, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids cause the immune system to respond to their presence by producing new antibodies. These protein compounds “remember” the characteristic features of microbes and in the future will quickly recognize and destroy them.
Toxoids are used against toxic infections when vaccines based on live or killed viruses have proven ineffective. Unlike the latter (grown from strains), toxoids are cultivated from metabolic products of certain pathogenic organisms.
The ADSM vaccine is a domestic product. It is manufactured at the enterprises of JSC Biomed named after I. Mechnikov (Moscow Region, Krasnogorsk) and NPO Immunopreparat (Ufa).
Indications for use
Vaccination with ADS-M for children over 6 years of age and adult patients is recommended as a prophylaxis against diphtheria and tetanus.
This vaccine is also indicated for adult patients over 18 years of age with:
- primary vaccination;
- carrying out systematic revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. The vaccine contains a reduced dosage of diphtheria toxoid to reduce the risk of developing possible hypersensitivity reactions;
- the threat of tetanus due to injury.
Side effects
This drug is characterized by low reactogenicity, but the likelihood of adverse reactions should not be excluded.
It has been established that the side effects of vaccinations in adults and children can be general or local. They usually appear within 1-2 days from the moment of administration.
Local reactions include: redness, induration, loss of sensitivity and swelling at the site where the vaccine is given.
Common side effects are: fever , moodiness, lethargy, loss of appetite and digestion.
The appearance of such symptoms after vaccination is considered normal and does not require treatment, although the use of Ibuprofen or Paracetamol . Experts also recommend drinking plenty of fluids.
Severe complications of ADS-M vaccination occur infrequently, but they can manifest themselves as anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, encephalitis, and meningitis.
How is the vaccine tolerated and why is it dangerous?
Normally, all complications appear in the first 2 days after immunization. The vaccine recipient is often concerned about the injection site. It turns red and swells.
A small patient may experience vomiting and loose stools, moodiness and poor appetite. Parents should not panic and try to warm up the injection site. Ointment should also not be applied. This can cause an abscess.
Among the common negative manifestations, the following should be noted:
- increased body temperature;
- general weakness;
- loss of appetite.
Severe complications are extremely rare (2 cases in 100,000). Among them:
- encephalitis and meningitis;
- anaphylactic shock;
- Quincke's edema.
Vaccine ADS-M instructions for use (Method and dosage)
As the instructions for the ADS-M vaccine show, it is administered intramuscularly. A suitable place for its insertion in children is the anterolateral part of the thigh, under the shoulder blade or in the shoulder area.
Revaccination of children is performed at 14-16 years of age and its effect lasts for 10 years.
After 10 years, adult patients are vaccinated with ADS-M, which will help maintain immunity at the required level against tetanus and diphtheria. Then revaccinations are carried out at 10-year intervals. However, no upper age limit has been established.
special instructions
Intravenous injection into the buttock is unacceptable, as this may damage the sciatic nerve or blood vessels.
Carrying out immunosuppressive treatment or having an immunodeficiency can reduce the intensity of the immune response to the vaccine. Therefore, it is necessary to complete the therapy or ensure complete safety for the patient. Vaccinations can be given to people with chronic immunodeficiency when a concomitant disease does not prevent the formation of even a small level of antibodies.
Analogs
Level 4 ATC code matches:
Diphtheria-Tetanus toxoid
Tetanus toxoid
There is an imported vaccine Imovax D.T.Adult , which is better tolerated and does not lead to the development of unwanted reactions.
There are also monovalent vaccines , that is, separately for diphtheria - AD and tetanus - AS.
Difference between DTP and ADS-M
There are great similarities between DPT and ADS-M vaccinations. But DTP additionally contains a component that is directed against whooping cough.
ADS-M vaccination is recommended for adult patients and children over 4 years of age for vaccine administration or revaccination, since for this age a disease such as whooping cough is no longer dangerous.
However, in children under 4 years of age, everything is completely different - whooping cough is not only a dangerous disease, but can also be fatal. This disease can develop at lightning speed. And if an adult may have a prolonged cough, then in children a spasm of the respiratory muscles may occur, leading to a sudden stop in breathing. Only immediate resuscitation measures will help save life.
Vaccine contraindications
Before the procedure, doctors advise taking a blood test to see the patient’s health status. You should not take a referral for vaccination without consulting a specialist. If an adult has already been given an ADSM injection and there have been severe adverse reactions, the vaccination cannot be repeated. Infants who have had intrauterine growth retardation or hypoxia are not vaccinated. Other contraindications to the procedure:
- exacerbation of chronic pathologies of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems;
- colds, flu and other acute respiratory viral infections;
- fever (delay for 2 weeks);
- reduced body weight;
- severe immunodeficiency;
- progressive diseases of the nervous system;
- impaired cerebral circulation;
- intestinal infection, bacterial intoxication;
- individual intolerance to ADSM components;
- recent operations (less than 2 months have passed);
- hemolytic disease.
Reviews of the ADS-M vaccine
One of the most discussed topics on parenting and medical forums is vaccination. According to some parents, vaccinations are a necessity, and they find it strange that anyone would even doubt it. Others believe that vaccinations are dangerous to health and the body as a whole. Therefore, disputes about them can continue endlessly.
It should be noted that reviews of the ADS-M vaccine are quite common. They are largely related to the body’s reaction to vaccination. Patients often report experiencing unwanted symptoms after the procedure. For example, some are concerned about pain and an increase in temperature up to 38 degrees. In this case, the temperature rises especially often and usually occurs in the evening or the next day after vaccination. Sometimes this lasts for at least a week. In addition, muscle pain may occur.
You can also find reports where injections were given to patients after receiving wounds to prevent tetanus. As a result, lumps and skin irritations may appear.
Among all the discussions, questions arise: what does the ADS-M vaccination help against and what is it needed for? In addition, many adults do not know that after 14-16 years it needs to be given every 10 years, and for them this was a real discovery.
In most cases, side effects last 1-2 days. But it happens when it lasts longer. Then medical intervention and medication may be required. Of course, you should not abuse the use of tablets on your own, as this can further complicate the condition. It is best to consult a doctor immediately.
Rules of conduct after vaccination
For the first half hour, it is advisable for the patient to remain in the clinic under the supervision of a doctor. Then you can go home. It is advisable to limit contact with other people for 2-3 days.
It is prohibited to visit places with large crowds of people - shopping centers, clubs. It is also better not to visit school, work or college, and not to visit guests.
Doctors advise the patient to rest more during these 2 days and follow the following recommendations:
- Drink more fluids.
- Avoid strong physical and mental stress.
- Protect yourself from drafts and hypothermia - immunity is unstable.
- Wash without immersing the injection area in water. You can take a shower only a day after vaccination, but carefully. Swimming is prohibited for a week.
- Do not visit saunas, steam baths, or dive into public bodies of water until local symptoms pass: lump, swelling.
- Do not try new dishes with unfamiliar ingredients. If an allergy to them occurs, it will be difficult to differentiate it from a reaction to the vaccine.
- Do not heat the injection site, do not rub, do not scratch: suppuration may occur.
- If there is severe pain in the injection area (a symptom of an inflammatory reaction), apply ice to the area. Consult your doctor for the use of any ointments and other local remedies.
- Unpleasant post-vaccination symptoms can be eliminated with medications. Children and adults are allowed to bring down the temperature with antipyretics (Paracetamol, Ibuprofen) if it is above 38 degrees. You can take analgesics, medications for diarrhea and nausea.
- If fever, headaches, or weakness persist 4-5 days after vaccination, see a doctor. This may indicate ARVI and other infections that require treatment.
