Principles and purposes of vaccination
Vaccination is included in the mandatory calendar of preventive vaccinations due to the risk of complications during mumps. An insufficiently high level of vaccination coverage with the mumps vaccine (less than 80%) can lead to undesirable epidemiological changes - a shift in the incidence of mumps to older age groups of the population. By the end of 2013, mumps vaccine had been introduced nationally in 120 countries.
Prevention consists of vaccinating children with a live mumps vaccine in accordance with the vaccination schedule.
Causes of mumps (mumps)
Mumps most often affects children aged 3 to 15 years . Until one year of age, a child has innate immunity received from the mother’s body. In the absence of immunity acquired in childhood, an adult can also get mumps.
The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets
. Getting into the respiratory system along with tiny particles of mucus, the virus penetrates the blood and is transferred by the blood stream to the salivary glands. At the same time, the virus can penetrate other organs through the blood, which makes mumps a dangerous disease.
The virus is relatively stable in the external environment and can exist on toys, dishes, and household items; dies in the cold and during disinfection. However, since there are no catarrhal symptoms in mumps, the penetration of the virus into the external environment is negligible. The situation gets worse if, in parallel with mumps, the child gets a cold. In this case, the risk of spreading the infection increases.
The incubation period for mumps is from 11 to 23 days (usually 13-19 days). The patient is contagious from the last two days of the incubation period until 9 days after the onset of the first symptoms.
Vaccine effectiveness
The most common post-vaccination reactions following mumps vaccination are enlarged submandibular lymph nodes and low-grade fever. In addition, a moderate rise in temperature, local and allergic reactions are also observed.
Most children do not have any side effects after vaccination. There may be a slight increase in body temperature, a short-term (2-3 days) slight increase in the parotid salivary glands (from the 4th to the 15th day after vaccination).
Description of the mumps vaccine and its composition
Mumps is an acute viral systemic infectious disease, manifested by fever and painful enlargement of the salivary glands, damage to the pancreas. It is extremely dangerous for children and adults. The main complications are: orchitis, meningoencephalitis and pancreatitis.
You can become infected with mumps through airborne droplets.
One dose of the vaccine contains:
- Attenuated mumps virus (strain Leningrad - 3), cultured on Japanese quail embryonic cells.
- Antibiotics - gentamicin sulfate.
- Excipients.
Available in powder form, which is diluted according to the instructions before use. The drug is administered subcutaneously.
Post-vaccination reactions
The most common adverse reactions following mumps vaccination are enlarged submandibular lymph nodes and low-grade fever. In addition, a moderate rise in temperature, local and allergic reactions are also observed.
Most children do not have any side effects after vaccination. There may be a slight increase in body temperature, a short-term (2-3 days) slight increase in the parotid salivary glands (from the 4th to the 15th day after vaccination).
Routine immunization against mumps, vaccination schedule, revaccination
According to the planned vaccination calendar in Russia, the first vaccination should be given to a child upon reaching one year of age. Up to a year, the child retains maternal antibodies to mumps and some other infectious diseases. The vaccine is administered under the skin or intramuscularly, usually under the shoulder blade or in the upper arm. Revaccination of children is carried out at 6 years of age. After this, there is no need to repeat the vaccination. The effectiveness of vaccination drugs is considered high, and immunity after the procedure in almost all cases lasts for life, that is, the vaccine is valid for the rest of your life.
If there are temporary contraindications for primary vaccination, it can be postponed until the age of one and a half years.
In addition to routine vaccination, there are also emergency cases for administering the vaccine. For example, the procedure is carried out in the first 2 days after contact with a sick person in order to avoid a severe course of the disease, as well as dangerous consequences. In addition, if a person was not vaccinated again in childhood, provided there are no contraindications, he can be vaccinated as an adult at his own request.
If the epidemic situation regarding mumps becomes threatening, and the incidence exceeds a certain epidemiological threshold, vaccinations against mumps can be carried out urgently and unscheduled. The procedure is carried out for all children and adolescents who have not been sick before, have not been vaccinated, or have not undergone revaccination, at any age over one year.
It is recommended that teenage boys undergo a blood test to check for antibodies to mumps. If they are absent, revaccination is necessary. Adolescents experience the disease very hard and are at high risk of developing complications.
In what cases should vaccination not be carried out? Contraindications to vaccination are:
- oncological diseases;
- blood diseases;
- allergy to vaccine components;
- acute conditions of any disease;
- intolerance to aminoglycoside antibiotics;
- immunodeficiency states;
- allergic reactions to previous vaccinations;
- exacerbation of any chronic diseases.
If blood transfusion is necessary, vaccination is postponed for three months. Pregnancy is a temporary contraindication, and immediately after childbirth a woman can be vaccinated.
Possible side effects
- Often, in the period from 5 to 15 days after vaccination, a short-term slight increase in body temperature and catarrhal phenomena in the nasopharynx (mild hyperemia of the pharynx, rhinitis) occur. An increase in body temperature above 38.5 C in the post-vaccination period is an indication for the prescription of antipyretics.
- Rarely, in the first two days after vaccination, local reactions occur, expressed in skin hyperemia and mild swelling at the site of vaccine administration, which go away without treatment. In the period from 5 to 42 days from the moment of vaccination, a slight increase in the parotid salivary glands may occur, which goes away on its own within 2-3 days. Restlessness, lethargy, and sleep disturbances may also occur.
- Very rarely, allergic reactions appear in the first two days. In the period after 2-4 weeks - benign serous meningitis or painful short-term swelling of the testicles.
Considering the possibility of developing immediate allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, urticaria) in particularly sensitive individuals, vaccinated persons must be provided with medical supervision for 30 minutes.
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Sources and symptoms of the disease
Mumps (also known as mumps) is transmitted from person to person through airborne droplets, although transmission through household means, for example, through contaminated toys, is also possible. The peak of the disease usually occurs in early spring or early autumn, with increases in incidence occurring approximately every two years. A sick person is dangerous to others for about a week (several days before the first clinical signs of the disease appear and during the first five days of the disease).
A noticeable specific symptom of mumps is damage to the salivary glands, mainly the parotid glands. The glands increase in size and become painful to touch, especially in the area of the lobes. The patient feels dry mouth, which intensifies during chewing and talking. The swelling can spread to the neck; in the first three days it grows, then remains at its maximum level for another 2-3 days and gradually recedes, decreasing in volume and size. The whole process ends up taking 1-2 weeks.
Compatibility with other vaccines
Vaccination against mumps can be carried out simultaneously (on the same day) with other vaccinations included in the National Vaccination Calendar (vaccinations against measles, rubella, polio, hepatitis B, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, influenza, Haemophilus influenzae) provided they are administered in different areas body or no earlier than 1 month after the previous vaccination. After the administration of human immunoglobulin preparations, vaccinations against mumps are carried out no earlier than 2 months later. After administration of the Mumps vaccine, immunoglobulin preparations can be administered no earlier than 2 weeks later. If it is necessary to use immunoglobulin earlier than this period, vaccination against mumps should be repeated.
Contraindications
Only a doctor can decide whether Mumps is suitable for vaccination
The Mumps vaccine is contraindicated if there is a history of an allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine, as well as in cases where the patient:
Anaphylactic reactions or severe forms of allergic reactions to aminoglycosides (gentamicin sulfate), chicken and/or quail eggs have previously been observed.
Danger and complications
Mumps affects mainly children; the most dangerous age is considered to be from 5 to 9 years. The infection spreads quickly in children's groups, kindergartens and schools. The danger of mumps is that it often occurs with complications. Approximately every tenth disease is complicated by gray meningitis, and every third disease among boys can be accompanied by the development of orchitis (inflammation of the testicle), this is very dangerous because it can lead to infertility.
Another common complication is acute pancreatitis; it can appear 4-7 days after the onset of the disease. The patient will feel sharp pain in the subcostal area, nausea, which will be accompanied by vomiting and fever.
Mumps can also have a negative impact on the hearing organs, which in some cases leads to complete deafness. Inflammation of the inner ear (labyrinthitis) manifests itself, starting with noise and ringing in the ears, then the patient begins to feel nausea and dizziness, and his coordination of movements is impaired. Deafness can be unilateral, on the side of the salivary gland lesion, but recovery does not contribute to the restoration of hearing.
Severe complications of mumps also include meningitis, encephalitis and damage to the central nervous system, which can cause seizures, mental retardation, paralysis and mental disorders in the child. There is no specific treatment for mumps; the task of doctors is to prevent possible complications. The patient will need to remain in bed and follow the recommendations of the attending physician.
