What does IPV vaccination mean: explanation and instructions for use

In the vaccination card, information about vaccination is usually recorded using abbreviations. For example, parents can see in their baby’s medical record that they have been vaccinated with IPV. Not everyone understands what this abbreviation means. Caring mothers and fathers want to know what and when their child was immunized against. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how IPV is deciphered.

IPV vaccination: explanation

IPV stands for inactivated polio vaccine. Such a vaccination can be mono-, bi- and trivalent.
The drug contains the polio virus, which has been killed by exposure to temperature or a chemical substance. When antigenic material enters the body, the production of antibodies begins that can prevent infection upon contact with the pathogen.

The inactivated polio vaccine was created by the American virologist Jonas Salk. The large-scale use of such vaccinations began in 1955. The drug is administered by injection.

The effectiveness of IPV is high. After the first vaccination, 99% of vaccinated children develop lasting immunity. After a course of three doses of IPV, 97-100% of individuals become protected.

What are infants and older children vaccinated against?

They commit IPV to children of all ages. Thanks to timely immunization, a person becomes protected from infection by pathogens that provoke the development of polio. This disease is very dangerous, especially for newborns and weakened individuals.

Poliomyelitis is a pathology associated with disorders of the central nervous system. As a rule, the virus is localized in the spinal cord. Children under five years of age are most susceptible to infection.

There are two forms of polio: non-paralytic and paralytic. The latter variant of the disease is accompanied by paralysis of the lower and upper extremities. In most cases, children do not fully recover and remain disabled for life. The virus can also infect the respiratory center. Then asphyxia occurs. The mortality rate from polio reaches 5-10%.

Until recently, pathology posed a serious threat to the inhabitants of the planet, causing epidemics and mass deaths. Today, thanks to vaccination, much fewer cases of virus infection are being recorded.

Description

The vaccine in a dosage of 0.5 ml is injected into the surface of the middle part of the thigh for children under 2 years of age. For people over 2 years of age, the vaccine is injected into the deltoid muscle area. When injecting, make sure that the drug does not enter a blood vessel.

The Russian national vaccination calendar provides for the following polio vaccination schedule:

• in the first year of life - at 3, 4.5 and 6 months;
• in the second year of life - at 18 and 20 months;
• at 14 years old.

That is, up to 2 years of age, all children must receive 5 doses of polio vaccines. Moreover, the first two vaccinations are given with the inactivated vaccine Polimilex, and then the rest with the live oral vaccine. Children born to mothers with HIV, or those with intestinal abnormalities, are vaccinated against polio only with the Polimilex vaccine.

Instructions for use of non-live polio vaccine

Inactivated polio vaccines are injected into the body into the thigh or shoulder area. The injection is given intramuscularly. IPV is included in the National Calendar for the Prevention of Viral and Infectious Diseases. People are being vaccinated according to the approved schedule.

Scheduled vaccination schedule:

• The first dose is given to the baby at 3 months;
• The second injection is given at 4.5 months;
• The last time is vaccinated at six months.

Then revaccinations are carried out at 3 and 6 years. If the schedule is violated, they are immunized according to the standard schedule, maintaining intervals between vaccinations of 1.5 months. Since IPVs are produced in the form of a suspension, they do not require prior dilution. A single dosage is 0.5 ml.

Instructions for use of non-live polio vaccine:

• inspect the container with contents for compliance with quality standards. The liquid should be homogeneous and transparent;
• draw the solution into a sterile syringe;
• wipe the injection site (thigh or shoulder) with an antiseptic (70% alcohol);
• make a puncture, make sure that the needle gets into the muscle;
• administer the vaccine dose and remove the needle;
• again treat the puncture area with alcohol.

Types of vaccines

Antipoliomyelitis drugs are available in two versions: OPV and IPV. Their decoding is as follows:

• OPV – oral polio vaccine;
• IPV is inactivated polio vaccine.

Both drugs contain all three strains of poliovirus, so they protect the vaccinated person from all types of polio pathogens.
Polio vaccines (both OPV and IPV) work well with immunoglobulin. This substance contains:

• neutralizing and opsonizing antibodies that help resist bacteria and infections;
• IgG antibodies that reduce the risk of infection in patients with immunodeficiency.

Vaccination against polio in combination with immunoglobulin, depending on the method of administration, can be oral or intramuscular. The dosage is calculated individually.

Contraindications for use

Any medication has certain contraindications. The manufacturer indicates a list of conditions under which IPV should not be used in the instructions for use. As a rule, the list of restrictions for non-live vaccines is the same.

It is prohibited to be immunized with IPV in the following cases:

• individual intolerance to vaccine components;
• pregnancy;
• acute form of pathology of any type;
• severe neurological disorders;
• allergy condition;
• development of complications and severe reactions to the previous dose;
• hyperthermia of any degree.

Caution should be exercised when starting IPV vaccination if close relatives of the patient have had allergic reactions to dead polio vaccinations. Under the strict supervision of doctors, immunization is carried out if a person is prone to seizures.

Side effects and complications

According to reviews from doctors and patients, IPV is tolerated normally. But there are certain categories of people who may experience side effects. There is an increased risk of complications in people with immunodeficiency, severe neurological disorders, and a tendency to be allergic to medications.

A normal reaction to the polio vaccine is considered to be an increase in temperature to the level of low-grade fever, weakness and local manifestations in the form of hyperemia, pastiness and mild pain in the puncture area.

5-7% of those vaccinated with IPV experience the following unpleasant symptoms:

• skin itching;
• rashes;
• intestinal disorder;
• sleep disturbance;
• loss of appetite.

Such conditions do not require the help of medical staff and go away on their own.

Manufacturers warn that IPV may cause severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and angioedema in some individuals. In these cases, it is necessary to call an ambulance. The probability of such complications is 1%.

The severity of general side effects decreases as the baby gets older. But this increases the risk of developing local reactions.

Features of the use of the polio vaccine

Before vaccination and immediately after it, it is not recommended to introduce new foods into the diet, since a possible allergic reaction may be mistaken for a side effect of the drug.

For infants, the AFP polio vaccine is dripped 2–4 drops onto the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx, and for older children - onto the tonsils. After this, they are prohibited from feeding and drinking for an hour so that the drug does not wash into the stomach.

After vaccination, you cannot kiss a child on the lips; you need to wash your hands after washing it.

The polio vaccine is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The primary vaccine to prevent polio should be received at 2 and 4 months, then at 6–18 months, and a booster vaccine is given at 4–6 years.

Adults are immunized according to the following scheme: the first vaccination, after 4-8 weeks - the second, after 6-12 months - the third.

Names of killed polio vaccines

Today, IPV is not carried out in Russia. Therefore, dead polio vaccines are purchased by the government abroad. For prevention, single-component and polyvalent vaccinations are used. The advantage of the latter is the formation of immunity against a number of infectious viral pathologies.

Names of inactivated polio vaccinations used in the Russian Federation:

• Imovax Polio . Produced by the French pharmaceutical organization Sanofi Pasteur;
• Poliorix. Belgian drug from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals.

Names of multicomponent vaccines:

• Pentaxim . This is a French vaccine from Sanofi Pasteur. In addition to polio, it protects against whooping cough, tetanus, hemophilic diseases and diphtheria;
• Tetraxim . Also produced by the famous company Sanofi Pasteur. Promotes the production of antibodies against diphtheria, polio, whooping cough and tetanus;
• Infanrix Hexa . The manufacturer is the Belgian organization GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. Protects against the same pathologies as Pentaxim. Additionally, it forms immunity against hepatitis B;
• Tetrakok 05 . French grafting from Pasteur Merrier Connaught. Used for the prevention of polio, tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough.

Cost of Russian and imported polio vaccination drugs

For immunization against polio, imported and domestically produced drugs are used. Russian vaccinations contain live viruses. Local clinics and public hospitals are supplied with such vaccines.

Vaccine BiVac Polio

Therefore, there is no need to buy attenuated domestic products yourself. Prevention is carried out according to plan and according to epidemiological indications free of charge. The most commonly used is BiVac Polio. Its average price in pharmacies is 700-1000 rubles per pack of ten doses.

Imported IPV vaccines are paid for. For example, prophylaxis with Imovax Polio costs approximately 1,350 rubles, and with Poliorix – 1,400 rubles.

IPV and OPV: what is the difference and what is better to vaccinate children

OPV is an oral multivalent vaccine. This drug contains a live but weakened virus. Today, in Russia, a polio vaccination scheme is used, which involves combining OPV and IPV (the first three doses are administered by killed people, and the subsequent ones by live vaccinations).

But you can choose to immunize only with inactivated drugs. Many parents are interested in what is better for the child, OPV or IPV.

To understand, it is necessary to compare the two types of vaccines. OPV is available in the form of oral drops, and IPV is available in the form of an injection solution. In terms of the child’s perception of immunoprophylaxis from a psychological point of view, live vaccinations are better (the child does not experience pain or fear, since the drug is dripped onto the tongue).

In terms of safety, IPV is preferable. Because OPVs contain live virus, they can cause vaccine-associated polio. The list of contraindications for inactivated vaccinations is smaller than for attenuated ones. For example, the latter should not be used in cases of immunodeficiency.

Vaccine Imovax Polio

The difference lies in the price. If you want to save money, you should choose OPV. Such vaccinations are usually given free of charge at local clinics. To immunize with IPV, you will have to pay for the drug and the services of medical staff.

Many parents prefer IPV and wonder whether OPV can be replaced with an inactivated vaccine. Doctors give a positive answer. But experts warn that OPV, unlike IPV, additionally protects against wild polio virus.

The polio vaccine is:

• live (OPV) - contains weakened live viruses;
• inactivated (IPV) - it contains dead viruses.

Cost of vaccination

Below are the names and prices of domestic and foreign drugs.

*Preliminary inspection is paid separately.

Indications for use of the polio vaccine

AFP vaccination is given to children over 2 months of age. The first vaccination is given at 2, 4, 5 or 6 months, the next at 18, 20 months, after which revaccination is carried out at 14 years.

The IPV vaccine against polio is given to children who are weakened and suffer from intestinal diseases, as well as to those whose mother is currently pregnant. Vaccination of adults is carried out in case of travel to endemic areas, after contact with a sick person. Health workers, family members whose relatives suffer from HIV and immunodeficiency, as well as any unvaccinated person must be vaccinated.

Contraindications to the polio vaccine

AFP vaccinations are not given:

• children with congenital immunodeficiency or HIV;
• if there is a pregnant woman in the child’s immediate environment;
• during pregnancy and its planning;
• during breastfeeding;
• for acute infectious diseases (vaccination is postponed until complete recovery);
• in case of allergy to the components of the drug;
• in case of an unusual reaction to a previous vaccination.

Reviews of vaccination with dead vaccine compositions

Doctors advocate vaccination against polio.
Many experts prefer dead grafting agents. Komarovsky argues that IPV and OPV are equally effective, but in terms of safety, the non-live vaccine is better.

Parents who immunized their children with oral vaccinations and then switched to inactivated drugs note that the latter drugs are much better tolerated. In isolated cases, adverse local reactions are observed after IPV.

Side effects

After this vaccine, it is quite rare that your body temperature may rise. Slight erythema may appear at the injection site. Common disturbances caused by this vaccine include: restlessness, crying, drowsiness, decreased appetite, low-grade fever, rash. They are mild and go away on their own within 1-3 days.

The Polimilex vaccine is very well tolerated. Adverse reactions are rare. Since it is a non-live vaccine, there are no delayed side effects due to it.